SLIDESHOW
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Breast Cancer Treatment ( courtecy;-medicineNet.com )
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The prognosis and outlook for women with breast cancer is
improving constantly
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Breast Cancer Awareness
The outlook for women
with breast cancer is improving constantly. Due to increased awareness,
opportunities for early detection, and treatment advances, survival rates
continue to climb. In the U.S., October is Breast Cancer Awareness Month and
the campaign is designed to increase breast cancer awareness. There are many
organizations that support Breast Cancer Awareness Month and provide assistance
within early detection plans. Organizations also put together breast cancer
fundraisers such as walks and events that support breast cancer research and
help fund patients with socio-economic disadvantages.
Breast Cancer Symptoms
Breast cancer may or may
not cause symptoms. Some women may discover the problem themselves, while
others may have the abnormality first detected on a screening exam. Common
breast cancer symptoms include the following:
·
Non-painful lumps or
masses
·
Lumps or swelling under
the arms
·
Nipple skin changes or
discharge
·
Noticeable flattening or
indentation of the breast
·
Change in the nipple
·
Unusual discharge from
the nipple
·
Changes in the feel,
size, or shape of the breast tissue
·
Types of Breast Cancer
Inflammatory Breast Cancer
Inflammatory
breast cancer is a rare type of cancer that often does not cause a breast lump
or mass. As seen in this photo, it often causes thickening and pitting of the
skin, like an orange peel. The affected breast may also be larger or firmer,
tender, or itchy. A skin rash or reddening of the skin is common. These changes
are caused by cancer cells blocking lymph vessels in the skin. Inflammatory
cancer of the breast typically has a fast growth rate
Causes of Breast Cancer
Certain
genes control the life cycle—the growth, function, division, and death—of a
cell. When these genes are damaged, the balance between normal cell growth and
death is lost. Normal breast cells become cancerous because of changes in DNA
structure. Breast cancer is caused by cellular DNA damage that leads to
out-of-control cell growth.
Causes of Breast Cancer: Genetics &
Mutations
Inherited
genes can increase the likelihood of breast cancer. For example, mutations of
genes BRCA1 and BRCA2 (linked to an increased risk of breast and ovarian
cancers) can inhibit the body’s ability to safe-guard and repair DNA. Copies of
these mutated genes can be passed on genetically to future generations, leading
to a genetically-inherited increased risk of cancer.
Causes of Breast Cancer: Environment
Breast
cancer may be caused by environmental exposure. Sunlight can cause DNA damage
that leads to breast cancer through ultraviolet radiation. So can air
pollutants like soot, wood dust, asbestos, and arsenic, to name just a few.
Causes of Breast Cancer: Lifestyle
Lifestyle
choices can lead to breast cancer as well. Eating a poor diet, inactivity,
obesity, heavy alcohol use, tobacco use including smoking, and exposure to
chemicals and toxins are all associated with a greater breast cancer risk.
Causes of Breast Cancer: Medical
Treatment
Medical
treatment with chemotherapy, radiation, or immunosuppressive drugs used to
decrease the spread of cancer throughout the body can also cause damage to
healthy cells. Some “second cancers”, completely separate from the initial
cancer, have been known to occur following aggressive cancer treatments.
Causes of Breast Cancer
Certain
genes control the life cycle—the growth, function, division, and death—of a
cell. When these genes are damaged, the balance between normal cell growth and
death is lost. Normal breast cells become cancerous because of changes in DNA
structure. Breast cancer is caused by cellular DNA damage that leads to
out-of-control cell growth.
Causes of Breast Cancer: Genetics &
Mutations
Inherited
genes can increase the likelihood of breast cancer. For example, mutations of
genes BRCA1 and BRCA2 (linked to an increased risk of breast and ovarian
cancers) can inhibit the body’s ability to safe-guard and repair DNA. Copies of
these mutated genes can be passed on genetically to future generations, leading
to a genetically-inherited increased risk of cancer.
Causes of Breast Cancer: Environment
Breast
cancer may be caused by environmental exposure. Sunlight can cause DNA damage
that leads to breast cancer through ultraviolet radiation. So can air
pollutants like soot, wood dust, asbestos, and arsenic, to name just a few.
Causes of Breast Cancer: Lifestyle
Lifestyle
choices can lead to breast cancer as well. Eating a poor diet, inactivity,
obesity, heavy alcohol use, tobacco use including smoking, and exposure to
chemicals and toxins are all associated with a greater breast cancer risk.
Causes of Breast Cancer: Medical
Treatment
Medical
treatment with chemotherapy, radiation, or immunosuppressive drugs used to
decrease the spread of cancer throughout the body can also cause damage to
healthy cells. Some “second cancers”, completely separate from the initial
cancer, have been known to occur following aggressive cancer treatments.
Causes of Breast Cancer
Certain
genes control the life cycle—the growth, function, division, and death—of a
cell. When these genes are damaged, the balance between normal cell growth and
death is lost. Normal breast cells become cancerous because of changes in DNA
structure. Breast cancer is caused by cellular DNA damage that leads to
out-of-control cell growth.
Causes of Breast Cancer: Genetics &
Mutations
Inherited
genes can increase the likelihood of breast cancer. For example, mutations of
genes BRCA1 and BRCA2 (linked to an increased risk of breast and ovarian
cancers) can inhibit the body’s ability to safe-guard and repair DNA. Copies of
these mutated genes can be passed on genetically to future generations, leading
to a genetically-inherited increased risk of cancer.
Causes of Breast Cancer: Environment
Breast
cancer may be caused by environmental exposure. Sunlight can cause DNA damage
that leads to breast cancer through ultraviolet radiation. So can air
pollutants like soot, wood dust, asbestos, and arsenic, to name just a few.
Causes of Breast Cancer: Lifestyle
Lifestyle
choices can lead to breast cancer as well. Eating a poor diet, inactivity,
obesity, heavy alcohol use, tobacco use including smoking, and exposure to
chemicals and toxins are all associated with a greater breast cancer risk.
Causes of Breast Cancer: Medical
Treatment
Medical
treatment with chemotherapy, radiation, or immunosuppressive drugs used to
decrease the spread of cancer throughout the body can also cause damage to
healthy cells. Some “second cancers”, completely separate from the initial
cancer, have been known to occur following aggressive cancer treatments.
Mammograms and Breast Cancer
Prevention
Early
detection of breast cancer is the key to survival. Mammograms are X-rays of the
breast that can detect tumors at a very early stage, before they would be felt
or noticed otherwise. During a mammogram, your breasts are compressed between
two firm surfaces to spread out the breast tissue. Then an X-ray captures
black-and-white images of your breasts that are displayed on a computer screen
and examined by a doctor who looks for signs of cancer. Women at average risk
have are recommended to have a mammogram every year starting at age 45.
Starting at age 54, women are recommended to have a screening mammogram every 2
years as long as they remain healthy
Breast Cancer Prevention: Breast
MRI and Ultrasound
Breast MRI
MRI
(magnetic resonance imaging) is a technology that uses magnets and radio waves
to create detailed, 3D images of the breast tissue. Before the test you may be
injected through an intravenous line, in the arm, with a contrast solution
(dye). The contrast solution will allow potential cancerous breast tissue to
show more clearly. Radiologists are able to see areas that could be cancerous
because the contrast tends to be more concentrated in areas of cancer growth.
During
a breast MRI the breasts are exposed as the patient lies flat on a padded
platform with cushioned openings for the breasts. A breast coil surrounds each
opening and works with the MRI unit to create the images. MRI imaging is a
painless diagnostic tool. The test takes between 30 and 45 minutes.
Breast Cancer Prevention: Breast
Self-Exams
Experts
recommend that women be aware of their breasts and notice any changes, rather
than performing checks on a regular schedule. Women who choose to do self-exams
should be sure to discuss the technique with their doctor.
What is a Breast Self-Exam?
A
breast self-exam is a way to check your breasts for changes such as lumps or
thickenings. Early breast cancer detection can improve your chances of
surviving the disease. Any unusual changes discovered during the breast
self-exam should be reported to your doctor.
lump in Breast: Could it be
Cancer?
Remember
that the majority (about 80%) of breast lumps are not due to cancer. Cysts,
benign tumors, or changes in consistency due to the menstrual cycle can all
cause benign breast lumps. Still, it's important to let your doctor know about
any lumps or changes in your breast that you find
Breast Cancer Biopsy
A
biopsy is the most certain way to determine whether a breast lump is cancerous.
Biopsies may be taken through a needle or through a minor surgical procedure.
The results can also determine the type of breast cancer that is present in
many cases (there are several different types of breast cancers). Treatments
are tailored to the specific type of breast cancer that is present.
Needle Biopsies
A
needle biopsy uses a hollow needle to remove tissue or cell samples from the
breast. A pathologist studies the samples under a microscope to see if they
contain cancer. There are two types of needle biopsies: core need biopsy and
fine needle aspiration (fine needle biopsy).
1.
Core Needle Biopsy
If a lump can be felt in the
breast (palpable mass), a core needle biopsy may be performed. The doctor will
use a small amount of local anesthetic to numb the skin and the breast tissue
around the area. The doctor will insert the needle and remove a small amount of
tissue to be examined.
2. Ultrasound-Guided
Core Needle Biopsy
This is one type of biopsy for
lumps or abnormalities that cannot be felt (nonpalpable mass). A core needle is
placed into the breast tissue and ultrasound helps confirm the exact location
of the potential cancer so the needle is placed correctly. Tissue samples are
then taken through the needle. Ultrasound can see the difference between cysts
and solid lesions.
3. MRI-Guided
Core Needle Biopsy
For this test, you will be given
a contrast agent through an IV. Your breast will be numbed and compressed and
several MRI images will be taken. The MRI images will guide the doctor to the
suspicious area. A needle will be used in the biopsy device to remove tissue
samples with a vacuum assisted probe.
4. Stereotactic
Biopsy
If the lump is nonpalpable you
could be also given a stereotactic biopsy. Using a local anesthetic, the
radiologist makes a small opening in the skin. A needle is placed into the
breast tissue, and imaging studies help confirm the exact placement. Tissue
samples are taken through the needle.
Surgical Biopsies
A
surgeon makes a cut (incision) in the breast to remove tissue.
1. Open
Excisional Biopsy
This surgery removes an entire
lump and the issue is examined under a microscope. If a section of normal
breast tissue is taken all the way around a lump, it is called a lumpectomy. In
this procedure, a wire is put through a needle into the area to be biopsied.
The X-ray helps to make sure it is in the right location and a small hook at
the end of the wire keeps it in position. The surgeon uses the wire as a guide to
locate the suspicious tissue
. Biopsy Results:
Hormone-Sensitive Breast Cancer
A
biopsy can tell whether the breast cancer has receptors for estrogen
(ER-positive) and/or progesterone (PR-positive), indicating which hormone
stimulates tumor growth. About two-thirds of breast cancers are hormone
receptor-positive. Medications can be given that act to help prevent growth of
the tumor from stimulation by these hormones.
ER-positive
breast cancer is sensitive to estrogen, whereas PR-positive breast cancer is
sensitive to progesterone. Both ER-positive and PR-positive breast cancers may
respond to hormone therapy. Hormone receptor (HR) negative is a type of cancer
that does not have hormone receptors and will not be affects by hormone
blocking treatments
2. Incisional
Biopsy
An incisional biopsy is very
similar to an excisional biopsy, but less tissue is removed. Local anesthetic
will be used and you will also get IV sedation. An incisional biopsy removes
part of the tumor, which means that more surgery may be needed to remove the
remaining cancer.
Biopsy Results: HER2-Positive Breast Cancer
HER-2 (human epidermal
growth factor receptor 2) is a protein that is expressed at a high level by
about 20% of breast cancers. Having this receptor means the cancer tends to
grow and spread faster than other forms of breast cancer. There are special
targeted treatments available for this type of tumor.
Treatments specifically
for HER2-positve breast cancer include:
·
Herceptin (trastuzumab)
·
Kadcyla (ado-trastuzumab
emtansine)
·
Perjeta (pertuzumab)
·
Tykerb (lapatinib)
Breast Cancer Stages
Breast
cancer stages are classified according to cancer tumor size, location, and
extent of spread. Staging helps doctors determine the prognosis and treatment
for cancer. The TNM staging system classifies breast cancers according to:
·
Tumor (T): Primary tumor size and/or extent
·
Nodes (N): Spread of cancer to lymph nodes in the regional area of
the primary tumor
·
Metastasis (M): Spread of cancer to distant sites away from the
primary tumor
TNM Breast Cancer Classification
The
TNM classification of a cancer usually correlates to one of the following five
stages:
·
Stage 0 Breast Cancer (Tis, N0, M0): This refers to cancer that is
"in situ," meaning that cancerous cells are confined to the breast.
This type of breast cancer has not spread and is not invading other tissues.
·
Stage I Breast Cancer: Stage I invasive breast cancer is broken up
into subcategories known as IA and IB.
·
Stage IA breast cancer (T1, N0, M0) refers to the tumor measuring
up to 2 centimeters and no cancer has spread outside the breast.
·
Stage IB breast cancer (T0 or T1, N1mi, M0) includes no tumor in
the breast, but small groups of cancer cells in the lymph nodes. Stage IB could
also be a tumor in the breast that is no larger than 2 centimeters and small
groups of cancer cells in the lymph nodes.
Stage II Breast Cancer
Stage
II invasive breast cancer is broken up into two subcategories known as IIA and
IIB.
·
Stage IIA breast cancer (T0 or T1 or T2, N0 or N1, M0) includes no
tumor in the breast, but cancer (larger than 2 millimeters) in 1 to 3 axillary
lymph nodes or lymph nodes near the breast bone. Stage IIA can also include a
tumor measuring 2 centimeters or smaller and cancer has spread to the axillary
lymph nodes or a tumor 2-5 centimeters that has not spread to the axillary
lymph nodes.
·
Stage IIB breast cancer (T2 or T3, N0 or N1, M0) refers to a tumor
2-5 centimeters and small groups (0.2-2.0 millimeters) of breast cancer cells
in the lymph nodes or a tumor 2-5 centimeters with cancer in 1 to 3 axillary
lymph nodes or lymph nodes near the breastbone. Stage IIB breast cancer can
also include a tumor larger than 5 centimeters with no affected lymph nodes.
Stage III Breast Cancer
Stage
III invasive breast cancer is broken up into subcategories IIIA, IIIB, and
IIIC.
·
Stage IIIA (T0 to T3, N1 or N2, M0) refers to the tumor ranging
from nonexistent to any size and cancer is found in 4 to 9 axillary lymph nodes
or in lymph nodes near the breastbone. Stage IIIA can also include a tumor
larger than 5 centimeters with small groups of breast cancer cells (0.2 to 2
millimeters) in the lymph nodes or a tumor larger than 5 centimeters with
cancer in 1 to 3 axillary lymph nodes or lymph nodes near the breastbone.
·
Stage IIIB (T4, N0 to N2, M0) refers to a tumor of any size and
has spread to the chest wall and/or skin of the breast in addition to cancer
that has spread to up to 9 axillary lymph nodes or lymph nodes near the
breastbone.
·
Stage IIIC (any T, N3, M0) refers to a tumor of any size and
possible spreading to the chest wall and/or the skin of the breast as well as
the cancer in 10 or more axillary lymph nodes or spread to lymph nodes above or
below the collarbone or near the breastbone.
·
Stage IV Breast Cancer (any T, any N, M1): Stage IV breast cancer
refers to breast cancer that has spread to other organs such as the lungs,
distant lymph nodes, skin, bones, liver, or brain
Breast Cancer Survival Rates
Breast
cancer survival depends upon a number of factors. Cancers that are found early
are often localized to the breast. Statistics on the survival rate of breast
cancer are often given as 5-year survival rates. The 5-year survival rate is
the percentage of people who live at least 5 years after being diagnosed with
breast cancer. According to the American Cancer Society, women with early stage
(stage 1) breast cancer have a 5-year survival rate of 100%. Women with breast
cancer that has spread to distant sites in the body (stage 4) have only a 20%
chance of surviving 5 years; but this rate can improve as treatment advances
are made
Breast Cancer Treatments: Surgery
Breast-conserving
surgery removes the cancer and some healthy tissue around it, but not the
breast. Some lymph nodes under the arms may be removed for biopsy. If the
cancer is near the chest wall, part of it may be removed. Breast-conserving
surgery is also known as breast-sparing surgery, lumpectomy, partial
mastectomy, quadrantectomy, and segmental mastectomy.
Mastectomy
Mastectomy
is the removal of the entire breast and all the surrounding tissue and possibly
nearby tissues. There are different mastectomy surgeries available, depending
on how much additional tissue is removed. The following are different types of
mastectomies:
·
Simple mastectomy includes removal of the entire breast, but does
not remove lymph nodes or muscle tissue.
·
Double mastectomy is when both breasts are removed.
·
Skin-sparing mastectomy includes keeping the skin over the breast
intact. Breast reconstruction surgery is typically planned immediately after
the mastectomy.
·
Nipple-sparing mastectomy keeps the breast skin and nipple intact
and breast reconstruction surgery immediately follows.
·
Modified radical mastectomy combines a simple mastectomy with the
removal of the lymph nodes under the arm
·
Radical mastectomy includes the removal of the entire breast,
lymph nodes, and the pectoral muscles under the breast
Breast Cancer Treatments:
Radiation Therapy
High-energy
beams of localized radiation are used to kill targeted cancer cells. Radiation
therapy can be used after breast cancer surgery, or it may be used in addition
to chemotherapy for widespread cancer. This treatment does have side effects,
which can include swelling of the area, tiredness, or a sunburn-like effect.
There are two ways to administer radiation therapy.
External Beam Radiation
A
beam of radiation is focused onto the affected area by an external machine. The
treatment is usually given five days a week for five to six weeks.
Brachytherapy
This
form of radiation involves radioactive seeds or pellets that are implanted into
the breast next to the cancer.
Breast Cancer Treatments:
Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy
drugs are given to kill cancer cells that are located anywhere in the body. It
can be administered by a slow IV infusion, by pill, or by a brief IV injection,
depending upon the drug. Sometimes chemotherapy is given after surgery to help
prevent the cancer from recurring (adjuvant therapy). Side effects of
chemotherapy can include an increased risk of infection, nausea, fatigue, and
hair loss.
Chemotherapy
drugs are given to kill cancer cells that are located anywhere in the body. It
can be administered by a slow IV infusion, by pill, or by a brief IV injection,
depending upon the drug. Sometimes chemotherapy is given after surgery to help
prevent the cancer from recurring. Usually, chemotherapy drugs are given in
cycles with certain treatment intervals followed by a period of rest. The cycle
length and rest intervals differ from drug to drug.
Adjuvant Chemotherapy
If
all visible cancer has been removed, there is still the possibility that cancer
cells have broken off or are left behind. Adjunct chemotherapy is given to
assure that these small amounts of cells are killed. Since some women have a
very low risk of recurrence even without chemotherapy, it is not given in all
cases.
Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy
Neoadjuvant
chemotherapy is given before surgery. There is no correlation between
neoadjuvant chemotherapy and long-term survival, but there are advantages to
see if the cancer responds to the chemotherapy before surgical removal. This
can also reduce the size of the cancer and allow for a less extensive surgery
in some patients.
Chemotherapy for Advanced Breast Cancer
Chemotherapy
can be used if the cancer has metastasized to distant sites in the body. In
this case, doctors will determine the most appropriate treatment.
Chemotherapy Side Effects
Different
drugs cause different side effects. Certain types of chemotherapy have specific
side effects, but each patient’s experience is different. The following are
common side effects of chemotherapy:
·
Fatigue
·
Pain (headaches, muscle pain, stomach pain, and pain from nerve
damage)
·
Mouth and throat sores
·
Diarrhea
·
Nausea and vomiting
·
Constipation
·
Blood disorders
·
Changes in thinking and memory
·
Sexual and reproductive issues
·
Appetite loss
·
Hair loss
·
Permanent damage to the heart, lung, liver, kidneys, or
reproductive syste
Breast Cancer - Hormone Therapy
Some
breast cancer cells are activated by female hormones estrogen and/or
progesterone (ER- and PR-positive breast cancers). Hormone therapy can stop or
slow the growth of hormone receptor-positive tumors by blocking the cancer
cells from receiving the hormones they need to grow. Hormone therapy is usually
given after surgery, but it can also be given to reduce the chance of
developing breast cancer in women at high risk.
Targeted Drug Therapies for
Breast Cancer
Targeted
therapies are newer treatments for breast cancer patients. They utilize
specific proteins within cancer cells, like the HER-2 protein. Targeted
therapies can stop the HER-2 protein from stimulating tumor growth in cancer
cells that have this protein. Targeted therapies have fewer side effects than
traditional chemotherapy because they only target cancer cells. They are often
used in combination with chemotherapy
Breast Cancer Recovery
Breast
cancer treatment can be both physically and emotionally exhausting. There are
many changes taking place that may be difficult to cope with. “Chemobrain” is a
term coined to describe the mental changes caused by chemotherapy treatment.
Patients have experienced memory deficits and the inability to focus. Breast
cancer treatments can also leave patients fatigued, which is normal.
It
can be difficult to keep up with activities of daily life, and make patients
feel isolated or overwhelmed. Friends and family can be invaluable sources of
support and assistance during this time. Some people choose to join a local or
an online support group to share their experiences and spread breast cancer
awareness.
Breast Reconstructive Surgery
Many
women opt to have reconstructive surgery after breast cancer surgery.
Reconstructive procedures use implants or tissues obtained from other locations
in the body. These procedures can be done at the time of mastectomy, or they
may be performed months or even years later.
Implants
A
tissue expander will be inserted un the skin, for a few weeks, to stretch the
skin and allow a silicone-gel or saline implant to be inserted. Each week
preceding the implant insertion, the tissue expander is filled to a desired
volume until the patient is satisfied with their new breast size.
Tissue Flap Procedure
A
women’s own tissue is taken from the abdomen or back to create a mound to
reconstruct the breast. The tissue is sometimes kept attached to its original
blood supply or it is disconnected and reconnected to a blood supply near the
new location. Some patients also have nipple reconstruction, which is created
using tissue from the back or abdomen flap. The nipple is then tattooed in
order to resemble the color of a nipple. A prosthetic nipple is also an option
and can be created by making a copy of your natural nipple
Alternative to Reconstructive
Surgery: Prosthesis
A
prosthesis, or breast form, is an alternative to reconstructive surgery. A
prosthesis offers the appearance of breasts without surgery. This is a device
that is worn inside a bra or bathing suit to permit a balanced appearance when clothed.
Breast prostheses come in many shapes, sizes, and materials (silicone gel,
foam, or fiberfill interior). Breast prosthetic devices are often covered by
insurance plans.
Is Breast Cancer Genetic?
Breast
cancer occurs in both men and women, but it is about 100 times more likely to
affect women than men. Women over age 55 and those with a close relative who
have had the condition are at greatest risk for developing breast cancer.
Still, up to 80% of women who do get breast cancer do not have a relative with
the disease. Certain inherited genetic mutations dramatically increase a
women’s risk of breast cancer. The most common of these are genes known as
BRCA1 and BRCA2. Women who inherit mutations in these genes have up to an 80%
chance of developing breast cancer.
The Breast Cancer (BRCA) Gene Test
Several tests are
available to look for the Breast Cancer (BRCA) gene. A blood test can be given
to analyze DNA mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2. Women who have inherited mutations
have a much higher risk of developing breast cancer. The BRCA test is typically
only offered to people who may have inherited the mutation. You may be a
candidate for the BRCA gene test if you have the following:
·
Personal history of
breast cancer
·
Personal history of
ovarian cancer
·
Family history of breast
cancer in parents, siblings, and/or children
·
A male relative with
breast cancer
·
A family member with
both breast and ovarian cancers
·
A family member with
bilateral breast cancer
·
Two or more relatives
with ovarian cancer
·
A relative with known
BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation
·
Ashkenazi Jewish
ancestry with a close relative with breast or ovarian cancer
·
Ashkenazi Jewish
ancestry and a personal history of ovarian cancer
Breast Cancer Prevention
Factors
that can raise the risk of getting breast cancer include not getting enough
exercise, drinking more than one alcoholic drink per day, and being overweight.
Breast cancer prevention also includes avoiding exposure to carcinogens,
chemicals, and radiation from medical imaging. Some kinds of hormone therapy
and birth control pills can also elevate risk, but the risk returns to normal
after stopping these medications. Some studies have shown that regular physical
activity may help lower the risk of recurrence in women who have survived
breast cancer.
Preventative
surgery (prophylactic mastectomy) may also prevent breast cancer. Bilateral
prophylactic mastectomy is the removal of both breasts in order to prevent
breast cancer. Women with a strong family history of BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations
may choose to have bilateral prophylactic mastectomy in order to lower their
risk of developing breast cancer.
Breast Cancer Research
Doctors
continue to search for more effective and tolerable treatments for breast
cancer. The funding for this research comes from many sources, including
advocacy groups throughout the country. Many of the 2.5 million breast cancer
survivors and their families choose to participate in walk-a-thons and other
fundraising events. This links each individual fight against cancer into a
common effort for progress.
Additional Information on Breast Cancer
For
more information about Breast Cancer, please consider the following:
Reviewed by Melissa Conrad Stöppler, MD on Tuesday, July 12, 2016
Breast Cancer
Diagnosis and Treatment
This tool does not
provide medical advice ( end )
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