History of the made of temple mount of Jerusalem יְרוּשָׁלַיִם‎ · القُدس‎ courtecy ;-From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia



    

Temple Mount

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia


Temple Mount
הַר הַבַּיִת, Har HaBayit
الحرم الشريف, al-Ḥaram ash-Šarīf,
Israel-2013(2)-Aerial-Jerusalem-Temple Mount-Temple Mount (south exposure).jpg
Aerial southern view of the Temple Mount
Highest point
Elevation740 m (2,430 ft)
Coordinates31°46′40.7″N 35°14′8.9″ECoordinates: 31°46′40.7″N 35°14′8.9″E
Geography
Temple Mount is located in Jerusalem
Temple Mount
Temple Mount
Parent rangeJudean
Geology
Mountain typeLimestone[1]
Jerusalem
יְרוּשָׁלַיִם‎ · القُدس‎
JERUSALEM OLD CITY & DOME OF THE ROCK.jpg
History
Sieges
Places
People
Positions
Other topics
Category Category
The Temple Mount (Hebrew: הַר הַבַּיִת‎‎, Har HaBáyit, "Mount of the House [of God, i.e. the Temple]"), known to Muslims as the Haram esh-Sharif (Arabic: الحرم الشريف‎‎, al-Ḥaram al-Šarīf, "the Noble Sanctuary", or الحرم القدسي الشريف, al-Ḥaram al-Qudsī al-Šarīf, "the Noble Sanctuary of Jerusalem"), a hill located in the Old City of Jerusalem, is one of the most important religious sites in the world. It has been venerated as a holy site for thousands of years by Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. The present site is dominated by three monumental structures from the early Umayyad period: the al-Aqsa Mosque, the Dome of the Rock and the Dome of the Chain, as well as four minarets. Herodian walls and gates with additions dating back to the late Byzantine and early Islamic periods cut through the flanks of the Mount. Currently it can be reached through eleven gates, ten reserved for Muslims and one for non-Muslims, with guard posts of Israeli police in the vicinity of each.

The Temple Mount is the holiest site in Judaism, which regards it as the place where God's divine presence is manifested more than in any other place. According to the rabbinic sages whose debates produced the Talmud, it was from here the world expanded into its present form and where God gathered the dust used to create the first human, Adam.[2]

Since at least the first century CE, the site has been associated in Judaism with Mount Moriah (Hebrew: הַר הַמוריה‎‎, Har HaMōriyā); Mount Moriah is the name given by the Hebrew Bible to the location of Abraham's binding of Isaac,[2] this identification being perpetuated by Jewish and Christian tradition.

Several passages in the Hebrew Bible indicate that during the time when they were written, the Temple Mount was identified as Mount Zion.[3] The Mount Zion mentioned in the later parts of the Book of Isaiah (Isaiah 60:14), in the Book of Psalms, and the First Book of Maccabees (c. 2nd century BCE) seems to refer to the top of the hill, generally known as the Temple Mount.[3] According to the Book of Samuel, Mount Zion was the site of the Jebusite fortress called the "stronghold of Zion", but once the First Temple was erected, according to the Bible, at the top of the Eastern Hill ("Temple Mount"), the name "Mount Zion" migrated there too.[3] The name later migrated for a last time, this time to Jerusalem's Western Hill.[3]


According to the Bible, both Jewish Temples stood at the Temple Mount, though archaeological evidence only exists for the Second Temple.[4] However, the identification of Solomon's Temple with the area of the Temple Mount is widespread. According to the Bible the site should function as the center of all national life—a governmental, judicial and religious center.[5] During the Second Temple period it functioned also as an economic center. According to Jewish tradition and scripture,[6] the First Temple was built by King Solomon the son of King David in 957 BCE and destroyed by the Babylonians in 586 BCE. The second was constructed under the auspices of Zerubbabel in 516 BCE and destroyed by the Roman Empire in 70 CE. In the 2nd century, the site was used for a temple to Jupiter Capitolinus. It was redeveloped following the Arab conquest.[7] Jewish tradition maintains it is here a Third and final Temple will also be built. The location is the holiest site in Judaism and is the place Jews turn towards during prayer. Due to its extreme sanctity, many Jews will not walk on the Mount itself, to avoid unintentionally entering the area where the Holy of Holies stood, since according to Rabbinical law, some aspect of the divine presence is still present at the site.[8] It was from the Holy of Holies that the High Priest communicated directly with God.
The Temple was of central importance in Jewish worship, in the Tanakh and the Christian Old Testament. In the New Testament it remains the site of several events in the life of Jesus, and Christian loyalty to it as a focal point remained long after his death.[9][10][11] After the destruction of the Temple in 70 CE, which came to be regarded by early Christians, as it was by Josephus and the sages of the Jerusalem Talmud, to be a divine act of punishment for the sins of the Jewish people,[12][13] the Temple Mount lost its significance for Christian worship with the Christians considering it a fulfillment of Christ's prophecy at, for example, Matthew 23:28 and 24:2. It was to this end, proof of a biblical prophecy fulfilled and of Christianity's victory over Judaism with the New Covenant,[14] that early Christian pilgrims also visited the site.[15] Byzantine Christians, despite some signs of constructive work on the esplanade,[16] generally neglected the Temple Mount, especially when a Jewish attempt to rebuild the Temple was destroyed by the earthquake in 363.[17] and it became a desolate local rubbish dump, perhaps outside the city limits,[18] as Christian worship in Jerusalem shifted to the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, and Jerusalem's centrality was replaced by Rome.[19]
Almost immediately after the Muslim conquest of Jerusalem in 638 CE, Caliph 'Omar ibn al Khatab, disgusted by the filth covering the site, had it thoroughly cleaned,[20] and granted Jews access to the site.[21] Among Sunni Muslims, the Mount is widely considered the third holiest site in Islam. Revered as the Noble Sanctuary, the location of Muhammad's journey to Jerusalem and ascent to heaven, the site is also associated with Jewish biblical prophets who are also venerated in Islam.[22] Muslims preferred to the esplanade as the heart for the Muslim quarter since it had been abandoned by Christians, to avoid disturbing the Christian quarters of Jerusalem.[23] Umayyad Caliphs commissioned the construction of the al-Aqsa Mosque and Dome of the Rock on the site.[24] The Dome was completed in 692 CE, making it one of the oldest extant Islamic structures in the world. The Al Aqsa Mosque rests on the far southern side of the Mount, facing Mecca. The Dome of the Rock currently sits in the middle, occupying or close to the area where the Holy Temple previously stood.[25]
In light of the dual claims of both Judaism and Islam, it is one of the most contested religious sites in the world. Since the Crusades, the Muslim community of Jerusalem has managed the site as a Waqf, without interruption.[26] As the site is part of the Old City, controlled by Israel since 1967, both Israel and the Palestinian Authority claim sovereignty over it, and it remains a major focal point of the Arab–Israeli conflict.[27] In an attempt to keep the status quo, the Israeli government enforces a controversial ban on 

 Location and dimensions

The Holyland Model of Jerusalem in the late Second Temple period. The large flat expanse was a base for Herod's Temple, in the center. The view is from outside the Eastern Wall of the Temple Mount.
The Temple Mount forms the northern portion of a very narrow spur of hill that slopes sharply downward from north to south. Rising above the Kidron Valley to the east and Tyropoeon Valley to the west,[31] its peak reaches a height of 740 m (2,428 ft) above sea level.[32] In around 19 BCE, Herod the Great extended the Mount's natural plateau by enclosing the area with four massive retaining walls and filling the voids. This artificial expansion resulted in a large flat expanse which today forms the eastern section of the Old City of Jerusalem. The trapezium shaped platform measures 488 m along the west, 470 m along the east, 315 m along the north and 280 m along the south, giving a total area of approximately 150,000 m2 (37 acres).[33] The northern wall of the Mount, together with the northern section of the western wall, is hidden behind residential buildings. The southern section of the western flank is revealed and contains what is known as the Western Wall. The retaining walls on these two sides descend many meters below ground level. A northern portion of the western wall may be seen from within the Western Wall Tunnel, which was excavated through buildings adjacent to the platform. On the southern and eastern sides the walls are visible almost to their full height. The platform itself is separated from the rest of the Old City by the Tyropoeon Valley, though this once deep valley is now largely hidden beneath later deposits, and is imperceptible in places. The platform can be reached via Gate of the Chain Street – a street in the Muslim Quarter at the level of the platform, actually sitting on a monumental bridge;[34][better source needed] the bridge is no longer externally visible due to the change in ground level, but it can be seen from beneath via the Western Wall Tunnel.[citation needed] [35]

History


Main article: Archaeological remnants of the Jerusalem Temple



Persian, Hasmonean and Herodian periods



Main article: Archaeological remnants of the Jerusalem Temple


The Trumpeting Place inscription, a stone (2.43x1 m) with Hebrewinscription לבית התקיעה להב "To the Trumpeting Place" excavated by Benjamin Mazar at the southern foot of the Temple Mount is believed to be a part of the Second Temple.
Much of the Mount's early history is synonymous with events pertaining to the Temple itself. After the destruction of Solomon's Temple by Nebuchadnezzar II, construction of the Second Temple began under Cyrus in around 538 BCE, and was completed in 516 BCE. Evidence of a Hasmonean expansion of the Temple Mount has been recovered by archaeologist Leen Ritmeyer. Around 19 BCE, Herod the Great further expanded the Mount and rebuilt the temple. The ambitious project, which involved the employment of 10,000 workers,[38] more than doubled the size of the Temple Mount to approximately 36 acres (150,000 m2). Herod leveled the area by cutting away rock on the northwest side and raising the sloping ground to the south. He achieved this by constructing huge buttress walls and vaults, and filling the necessary sections with earth and rubble.[39] A basilica, called by Josephus "the Royal Stoa", was constructed on the southern end of the expanded platform, which provided a focus for the city's commercial and legal transactions, and which was provided with separate access to the city below via the Robinson's Arch overpass.[40] In addition to restoration of the Temple, its courtyards and porticoes, Herod also built the Antonia Fortress, abutting the northwestern corner of the Temple Mount, and a rainwater reservoir, Birket Israel, in the northeast. As a result of the First Jewish–Roman War, the fortress was destroyed in 70 CE by Titus, the army commander and son of Roman emperor Vespasian.

Middle Roman period




Stones from the walls of the Temple Mount
The city of Aelia Capitolina was built in 130 CE by the Roman emperor Hadrian, and occupied by a Roman colony on the site of Jerusalem, which was still in ruins from the First Jewish Revolt in 70 CE. Aelia came from Hadrian's nomen gentile, Aelius, while Capitolina meant that the new city was dedicated to Jupiter Capitolinus, to whom a temple was built on the site of the former second Jewish temple, the Temple Mount.[41]
Hadrian had intended the construction of the new city as a gift to the Jews, but since he had constructed a giant statue of himself in front of the Temple of Jupiter and the Temple of Jupiter had a huge statue of Jupiter inside of it, there were on the Temple Mount now two enormous graven images, which Jews considered idolatrous. It was also customary in Roman rites to sacrifice a pig in land purification ceremonies.[42] In addition to this, Hadrian issued a decree prohibiting the practice of circumcision. These three factors, the graven images, the sacrifice of pigs before the altar, and the prohibition of circumcision, are thought to have constituted for non-Hellenized Jews a new abomination of desolation, and thus Bar Kochba launched the Third Jewish Revolt.[citation needed] After the Third Jewish Revolt failed, all Jews were forbidden on pain of death from entering the city or the surrounding territory around the city.[43]

Late Roman period


From the 1st through the 7th centuries Christianity spread throughout the Roman Empire, gradually became the predominant religion of Palestine and under the Byzantines Jerusalem itself was almost completely Christian, with most of the population being Jacobite Christians of the Syrian rite.[14][17]
Emperor Constantine I promoted the Christianization of Roman society, giving it precedence over pagan cults.[44] One consequence was that Hadrian's Temple to Jupiter on the Temple Mount was demolished immediately following the First Council of Nicea in 325 CE on orders of Constantine.[45]
The Bordaeux Pilgrim, who visited Jerusalem in 333–334, during the reign of Emperor Constantine I, wrote that "There are two statues of Hadrian, and, not far from them, a pierced stone to which the Jews come every year and anoint. They mourn and rend their garments, and then depart."[46] The occasion is assumed to have been Tisha b'Av, since decades later Jerome related that that was the only day on which Jews were permitted to enter Jerusalem.[47]

Constantine's nephew Emperor Julian granted permission in the year 363 for the Jews to rebuild the Temple.[47][48] In a letter attributed to Julian he wrote to the Jews that "This you ought to do, in order that, when I have successfully concluded the war in Persia, I may rebuild by my own efforts the sacred city of Jerusalem, which for so many years you have longed to see inhabited, and may bring settlers there, and, together with you, may glorify the Most High God therein."[47] Julian saw the Jewish God as a fitting member of the pantheon of gods he believed in, and he was also a strong opponent of Christianity.[47][49] Church historians wrote that the Jews began to clear away the structures and rubble on the Temple Mount but were thwarted, first by a great earthquake, and then by miracles that included fire springing from the earth.[50] However, no contemporary Jewish sources mention this episode directly.[47]

Byzantine period


Archaeological evidence in the form of an elaborate mosaic floor similar to the one in the Church of the Nativity in Bethlehem and multiple fragments of an elaborate marble Templon (chancel screen) prove that an elaborate Byzantine church or monastery or other public building stood on the Temple Mount in Byzantine times.[51]

Sassanid period



See also: Jewish revolt against Heraclius and Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628


In 610, the Sassanid Empire drove the Byzantine Empire out of the Middle East, giving the Jews control of Jerusalem for the first time in centuries. The Jews in Palestine were allowed to set up a vassal state under the Sassanid Empire called the Sassanid Jewish Commonwealth which lasted for five years. Jewish rabbis ordered the restart of animal sacrifice for the first time since the time of Second Temple and started to reconstruct the Jewish Temple. Shortly before the Byzantines took the area back five years later in 615, the Persians gave control to the Christian population, who tore down the partially built Jewish Temple edifice and turned it into a garbage dump,[52] which is what it was when the Rashidun Caliph Umar took the city in 637.

Early Muslim period



Southwest qanatir of the Haram al Sharif

A model of the Haram-al-Sharif made in 1879 by Conrad Schick. The model can be seen in the Bijbels Museum in Amsterdam
In 637 Arabs besieged and captured the city from the Byzantine Empire, which had defeated the Persian forces and their allies, and reconquered the city. There are no contemporary records, but many traditions, about the origin of the main Islamic buildings on the mount.[53][54] A popular account from later centuries is that the Rashidun Caliph Umar was led to the place reluctantly by the Christian patriarch Sophronius.[55] He found it covered with rubbish, but the sacred Rock was found with the help of a converted Jew, Ka'b al-Ahbar.[55] Al-Ahbar advised Umar to build a mosque to the north of the rock, so that worshippers would face both the rock and Mecca, but instead Umar chose to build it to the south of the rock.[55] It became known as the Al-Aqsa Mosque. According to Muslim sources, Jews participated in the construction of the haram, laying the groundwork for both the Al-Aqsa and Dome of the Rock mosques.[56] The first known eyewitness testimony is that of the pilgrim Arculf who visited about 670. According to Arculf's account as recorded by Adomnán, he saw a rectangular wooden house of prayer built over some ruins, large enough to hold 3,000 people.[53][57]
In 691 an octagonal Islamic building topped by a dome was built by the Caliph Abd al-Malik around the rock, for a myriad of political, dynastic and religious reasons, built on local and Quranic traditions articulating the site's holiness, a process in which textual and architectural narratives reinforced one another.[58] The shrine became known as the Dome of the Rock (قبة الصخرة, Qubbat as-Sakhra). (The dome itself was covered in gold in 1920.) In 715 the Umayyads, led by the Caliph al-Walid I, transformed the temple shops Chanuyot nearby into a mosque (see illustrations [3] and detailed drawing [4]), which they named the Aqsa Mosque (المسجد الأقصى, al-Masjid al-Aqsa, lit. "Furthest Mosque"), corresponding to the Islamic belief of Muhammad's miraculous nocturnal journey as recounted in the Quran and hadith. The term "Noble Sanctuary" or "Haram al-Sharif", as it was called later by the Mamluks and Ottomans, refers to the whole area that surrounds that Rock.[59][60]
For Muslims, the importance of the Dome of the Rock and Al-Aqsa Mosque makes Jerusalem the third-holiest city, after Mecca and Medina. The mosque and shrine are currently administered by a Waqf (an Islamic trust). The various inscriptions on the Dome walls and the artistic decorations imply a symbolic eschatological significance of the structure.

Crusader and Ayyubid period


The Crusader period began in 1099 with the First Crusade's capture of Jerusalem. After the city's conquest, the Crusading order Knights Templar was granted use of the Dome of the Rock on the Temple Mount by Baldwin II of Jerusalem and Warmund, Patriarch of Jerusalem, probably at the Council of Nablus in January 1120, giving the Templars a headquarters in the captured Al-Aqsa Mosque.[61] The Temple Mount had a mystique because it was above what were believed to be the ruins of the Temple of Solomon.[62][63] The Crusaders therefore referred to the Al Aqsa Mosque as Solomon's Temple, and it was from this location that the new Order took the name of Poor Knights of Christ and the Temple of Solomon, or "Templar" knights.

In 1187, once he retook Jerusalem, Saladin removed all traces of Christian worship from the Temple Mount, returning the Dome of the Rock and the Al-Aqsa Mosque to their original purposes. Even during the relatively short periods of diplomatically-won Crusader rule after that date, the Temple Mount remained in Muslim hands.

Mamluk period


There are several Mamluk buildings on and around the Haram esplanade. The Mamluks also raised the level of Jerusalem's Central or Tyropoean Valey bordering the Temple Mount from the west by constructing huge substructures, on which they then built on a large scale. The Mamluk-period substructures and over-ground buildings are thus covering much of the Herodian western wall of the Temple Mount.

Ottoman period

Following the Ottoman conquest of Palestine in 1516, the Ottoman authorities continued the policy of prohibiting non-Muslims from setting foot on the Temple Mount until the early 19th century, when non-Muslims were again permitted to visit the site.[60]
In 1867, a team from the Royal Engineers, led by Lieutenant Charles Warren and financed by the Palestine Exploration Fund (P.E.F.), discovered a series of underground tunnels near the Temple Mount. Warren secretly[citation needed] excavated some tunnels near the Temple Mount walls and was the first one to document their lower courses. Warren also conducted some small scale excavations inside the Temple Mount, by removing rubble that blocked passages leading from the Double Gate chamber.

British Mandatory period


Main article: 1929 Palestine riots
Between 1922 and 1924, the Dome of the Rock was restored by the Islamic Higher Council.[64]

Jordanian period



King Hussein flying over the Temple Mount while it was under Jordanian control, 1965
Jordan undertook two renovations of the Dome of the Rock, replacing the leaking, wooden inner dome with an aluminum dome in 1952, and, when the new dome leaked, carrying out a second restoration between 1959 and 1964.[64]
Neither Israeli Arabs nor Israeli Jews could visit their holy places in the Jordanian territories during this period.[65][66]

Israeli period


On 7 June 1967, during the Six-Day War, Israeli forces advanced beyond the 1949 Armistice Agreement Line into West Bank territories, taking control of the Old City of Jerusalem, inclusive of the Temple Mount.
The Chief Rabbi of the Israeli Defense Forces, Shlomo Goren, led the soldiers in religious celebrations on the Temple Mount and at the Western Wall. The Israeli Chief Rabbinate also declared a religious holiday on the anniversary, called "Yom Yerushalayim" (Jerusalem Day), which became a national holiday to commemorate the reunification of Jerusalem. Many saw the capture of Jerusalem and the Temple Mount as a miraculous liberation of biblical-messianic proportions.[67] A few days after the war was over 200,000 Jews flocked to the Western Wall in the first mass Jewish pilgrimage near the Mount since the destruction of the Temple in 70 CE. Islamic authorities did not disturb Goren when he went to pray on the Mount until, on the Ninth Day of Av, he brought 50 followers and introduced both a shofar, and a portable ark to pray, an innovation which alarmed the Waqf authorities and led to a deterioration of relations between the Muslim authorities and the Israeli government.[68] The then Prime Minister of Israel, Levi Eshkol, gave control of access to the Temple Mount to the Jerusalem Islamic Waqf. The site has since been a flash-point between Israel and local Muslims.
In June 1969 an Australian tried to set fire to Al-Aqsa; on April 11, 1982 a Jew hid in the Dome of the Rock and sprayed gunfire, killing 2 Palestinians and wounding 44; in 1974, 1977 and 1983 groups led by Yoel Lerner conspired to blow up both the Dome of the Rock and Al-Aqsa; on 26 January 1984 Waqf guards detected members of B'nei Yehuda, a messianic cult of former gangsters turned mystics based in Lifta, trying to infiltrate the area to blow it up.[69][70][71] On October 8, 1990, Israeli forces patrolling the site blocked worshipers from accessing it. A tear gas canister was detonated among the female worshipers, which caused events to escalate. On 12 October 1990 Palestinian Muslims protested violently the intention of some extremist Jews to lay a cornerstone on the site for a New Temple as a prelude to the destruction of the Muslim mosques. The attempt was blocked by Israeli authorities but demonstrators were widely reported as having stoned Jews at the Western Wall.[69][72] According to Palestinian historian Rashid Khalidi, investigative journalism has shown this allegation to be false.[73] Rocks were eventually thrown, while security forces fired rounds that ended up killing 21 people and injuring 150 more.[69] An Israeli inquiry found Israeli forces at fault, but it also concluded that charges could not be brought against any particular individuals.[74] In December 1997, Israeli security services preempted an attempt by Jewish extremists to throw a pig's head wrapped in the pages of the Quran into the area, in order to spark a riot and embarrass the government.[69]

Between 1992 and 1994, the Jordanian government undertook the unprecedented step of gilding the dome of the Dome of the Rock, covering it with 5000 gold plates, and restoring and reinforcing the structure. The Salah Eddin minbar was also restored. The project was paid for by King Hussein personally, at a cost of $8 million.[64] The Temple Mount remains, under the terms of the 1994 Israel–Jordan peace treaty, under Jordanian custodianship.[75]

On September 28, 2000, Israeli opposition leader Ariel Sharon visited the Temple Mount. He toured the site, together with a Likud party delegation and a large number of Israeli riot police. The visit was seen as a provocative gesture by many Palestinians, who gathered around the site. Demonstrations quickly turned violent, with rubber bullets and tear gas being used. This event is often cited as one of the catalysts of the Second Palestinian Intifada.[76] Evidence reveals, however, that one month earlier, Palestinian Authority Justice Minister Freih Abu Middein warned that: "Violence is near and the Palestinian people are willing to sacrifice even 5,000 casualties."[77] A few weeks before the outbreak, the official PA publication, Al-Sabah, declared: "The time for the Intifada has arrived... the time for jihad has arrived."[78] Palestinian leader Marwan Barghouti would later admit that the Intifada was planned and Sharon merely "provided a good excuse" for the violence.[79]


In Christianity





See also: Jerusalem in Christianity

The Mount has great significance in Christianity due to the role Herod's Temple played in the life of Jesus. As a twelve-year-old boy, Jesus was found in the Temple where he confounded the Jewish theologians with his knowledge of the Torah. (Luke 2:41-50) During his ministry, Jesus asserted the corruption of those who used the Temple for commerce and extortion (Matthew 21:12-17) and prophesied the temple's destruction, which came to pass in AD 70. (Mark 13:1-2) In Christian art, the Circumcision of Jesus was conventionally depicted as taking place at the Temple, even though European artists until recently had no way of knowing what the Temple looked like and the Gospels do not state that the event took place at the Temple.[160] During the Byzantine era, Jerusalem was primarily Christian and pilgrims came by the tens of thousands to experience the places where Jesus walked.
After the Persian invasion in 614 many churches were razed and the site was turned into a dumpyard. The Arabs conquered the city from the Byzantine Empire which had retaken it in 629. The Byzantine ban on the Jews was lifted and they were allowed to live inside the city and visit the places of worship. Christian pilgrims were able to come and experience the Temple Mount area.[161] The war between Seljuqs and Byzantine Empire and increasing Muslim violence against Christian pilgrims to Jerusalem instigated the Crusades. The Crusaders captured Jerusalem in 1099 and the Dome of the Rock was given to the Augustinians, who turned it into a church, and the Al-Aqsa Mosque became the royal palace of Baldwin I of Jerusalem in 1104. The Knights Templar, who believed the Dome of the Rock was the site of the Solomon's Temple, gave it the name "Templum Domini" and set up their headquarters in the Al-Aqsa Mosque adjacent to the Dome for much of the 12th century.[citation needed]
Though some Christians believe that the Temple will be reconstructed before, or concurrent with, the Second Coming of Jesus (also see dispensationalism), pilgrimage to the Temple Mount is not viewed as essential in the beliefs and worship of most Christians. The New Testament recounts a story of a Samaritan woman asking Jesus about the appropriate place to worship, Jerusalem or the Samaritan holy place at Mount Gerizim, to which Jesus replies,
"Woman, believe me, the hour is coming when neither on this mountain nor in Jerusalem will you worship the Father. You worship what you do not know; we worship what we know, for salvation is from the Jews. But the hour is coming, and is now here, when the true worshipers will worship the Father in spirit and in truth, for the Father is seeking such people to worship him. God is spirit, and those who worship him must worship in spirit and truth."(John 4:21-24)
This has been construed to mean that Jesus dispensed with physical location for worship, which was a matter rather of spirit and truth.[162]

Recent events

February 2004
Partially collapsed Mughrabi-Bridge: An 800-year-old wall holding back part of the hill jutting out from the Western Wall leading up to the Mughrabi Gate partially collapsed. Authorities believed a recent earthquake may have been responsible.[163][164]
March 2005
Allah inscription: The word "Allah", in approximately a foot-tall Arabic script, was found newly carved into the ancient stones, an act viewed by Jews as vandalism. The carving was attributed to a team of Jordanian engineers and Palestinian laborers in charge of strengthening that section of the wall. The discovery caused outrage among Israeli archaeologists and many Jews were angered by the inscription at Judaism's holiest site.[165]
October 2006
Synagogue proposal: Uri Ariel, a member of the Knesset from the National Union party (a right wing opposition party) ascended to the mount,[166] and said that he is preparing a plan where a synagogue will be built on the mount. His proposed synagogue would not be built instead of the mosques but in a separate area in accordance with rulings of 'prominent rabbis.' He said he believed that this will be correcting a historical injustice and that it is an opportunity for the Muslim world to prove that it is tolerant to all faiths.[167]
Minaret proposal: Plans are mooted to build a new minaret on the mount, the first of its kind for 600 years.[168] King Abdullah II of Jordan announced a competition to design a fifth minaret for the walls of the Temple Mount complex. He said it would "reflect the Islamic significance and sanctity of the mosque". The scheme, estimated to cost $300,000, is for a seven-sided tower – after the seven-pointed Hashemite star – and at 42 metres (138 ft), it would be 3.5 metres (11 ft) taller than the next-largest minaret. The minaret would be constructed on the eastern wall of the Temple Mount near the Golden Gate.
February 2007
Mugrabi Gate ramp reconstruction: Repairs to an earthen ramp leading to the Mugrabi Gate sparked Arab protests.
May 2007
Right-wing Jews ascend the Mount: A group of right-wing Religious Zionist rabbis entered the Temple Mount.[169] This elicited widespread criticism from other religious Jews and from secular Israelis, accusing the rabbis of provoking the Arabs. An editorial in the newspaper Haaretz accused the rabbis of 'knowingly and irresponsibly bringing a burning torch closer to the most flammable hill in the Middle East,' and noted that rabbinical consensus in both the Haredi and the Religious Zionist worlds forbids Jews from entering the Temple Mount.[170] On May 16, Rabbi Avraham Shapira, former Ashkenazi Chief Rabbi of Israel and rosh yeshiva of the Mercaz HaRav yeshiva, reiterated his opinion that it is forbidden for Jews to enter the Temple Mount.[171] The Litvish Haredi newspaper Yated Ne'eman, which is controlled by leading Litvish Haredi rabbis including Rabbi Yosef Shalom Eliashiv and Rabbi Nissim Karelitz, accused the rabbis of transgressing a decree punishable by 'death through the hands of heaven.'[148]
July 2007
Temple Mount cable replacement: The Waqf began digging a ditch from the northern side of the Temple Mount compound to the Dome of the Rock as a prelude to infrastructure work in the area. Although the dig was approved by the police, it generated protests from archaeologists.
October 2009
Clashes: Palestinian protesters gathered at the site after rumours that an extreme Israeli group would harm the site, which the Israeli government denied.[172]Israeli police assembled at the Temple Mount complex to disperse Palestinian protesters who were throwing stones at them. The police used stun grenades on the protesters, of which 15 were later arrested, including the Palestinian President's adviser on Jerusalem affairs.[173][174] 18 Palestinians and 3 police officers were injured.[175]
July 2010
A public opinion poll in Israel showed that 49% of Israelis want the Temple to be rebuilt, with 27% saying the government should make active steps towards such reconstruction. The poll was conducted by channel 99, the government-owned Knesset channel, in advance of the 9th day of the Hebrew month of Av, on which Jews commemorate the destruction of both the first and second Temples, which stood at this site.[176]
Knesset Member Danny Danon visited the Temple Mount in accordance with rabbinical views of Jewish Law on the 9th of the Hebrew Month of Av, which commemorates the destruction of both the First and Second Temples in Jerusalem. The Knesset Member condemned the conditions imposed by Muslims upon religious Jews at the site and vowed to work to better conditions.[177]
July 2017
Temple Mount shooting: Three men from the Israeli-Arab city of Umm al-Fahm opened fire on two Israeli Druze policemen at the Lions' Gate.[178] Gun attacks are unusual at the Temple Mount in recent decades.[179]
Following the July 14 attack, the site was shut down, and reopened on July 16 with metal detector-equipped checkpoints, spurring calls for protests by Muslim leaders associated with the site.[180]

Panorama

Panorama of the Temple Mount, seen from the Mount of Olives

See also

References

  1. Jump up^ "New Jerusalem Finds Point to the Temple Mount". cbn.com.
  2. ^ Jump up to:a b Carol Delaney, Abraham on Trial: The Social Legacy of Biblical Myth,Princeton University Press 2000 p.120.
  3. ^ Jump up to:a b c d Bargil Pixner (2010). Rainer Riesner, ed. Paths of the Messiah. Translated by Keith Myrick, Miriam Randall. Ignatius Press. pp. 320–322. ISBN 978-0-89870-865-3.
  4. Jump up^ "BBC - Science & Nature - Horizon". bbc.co.uk.
  5. Jump up^ Deuteronomy 12:5-26; 14:23-25; 15:20; 16:2-16; 17:8-10; 26: 2; 31: 11; Isaiah 2: 2-5; Obadiah 1:21; Psalms 48
  6. Jump up^ 2 Chron. 3:1-2.
  7. Jump up^ "Dictionary of Islamic Architecture". google.com.
  8. Jump up^ Maimonides, Mishneh Torah, Avoda (Divine Service): The laws of the Temple in Jerusalem, chapter 6, rule 14
  9. Jump up^ Jonathan Klawans, Purity, Sacrifice, and the Temple: Symbolism and Supersessionism in the Study of Ancient Judaism, Oxford University Press, USA, 2006 p.236:'Some analyses rest on the assumption that the ancient Jewish temple was inherently flawed, and in need of replacement. This kind of approach is contradicted by the rather significant evidence that can be marshaled to the effect that early Christians remained loyal to the Jerusalem temple, long after Jesus’ death.'
  10. Jump up^ Jacob Jervell, The Theology of the Acts of the Apostles, Cambridge University Press 1996 p.45.
  11. Jump up^ Jeff S. Anderson, The Internal Diversification of Second Temple Judaism: An Introduction to the Second Temple Period, University Press of America, 2002 p.132.
  12. Jump up^ Catherine Hezser, 'The (In)Significance of Jerusalem in the Yerushalmi Talmud,' in Peter Schäfer, Catherine Hezser (eds.)The Talmud Yerushalmi and Graeco-Roman Culture, Mohr Siebeck, Volume 2, 2000 pp.11-49, p.17.
  13. Jump up^ Jonathan Klawans, Josephus and the Theologies of Ancient Judaism, Oxford University Press, 2013 p.13.
  14. ^ Jump up to:a b Andrew Marsham, ‘The Architecture of Allegiance in Early Islamic Late Antiquity,’ in Alexander Beihammer, Stavroula Constantinou, Maria G. Parani (eds.), Court Ceremonies and Rituals of Power in Byzantium and the Medieval Mediterranean: Comparative Perspectives , BRILL, 2013 pp.87-114, p.106.
  15. Jump up^ Arieh Kofsky Eusebius of Caesarea Against Paganism, BRILL, 2000 p.303.
  16. Jump up^ Gideon Avni, The Byzantine-Islamic Transition in Palestine: An Archaeological Approach , Oxford University Press, 2014 p.132.
  17. ^ Jump up to:a b Robert Shick, ‘A Christian City with a Major Muslim Shrine: Jerusalem in the Umayyad Period,’ in Arietta Papaconstantinou (ed.), Conversion in Late Antiquity: Christianity, Islam, and Beyond: Papers from the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation Sawyer Seminar, University of Oxford, 2009-2010 pp.299-317 p.300, Routledge 2016 p.300.
  18. Jump up^ Shick p.301.
  19. Jump up^ John M. Lundquist, The Temple of Jerusalem: Past, Present, and Future,Greenwood Publishing Group, 2008 p.158.
  20. Jump up^ Michael D. Coogan The Oxford History of the Biblical World, Oxford University Press, 2001 p.443-
  21. Jump up^ Daniel Frank, Search Scripture Well: Karaite Exegetes and the Origins of the Jewish Bible Commentary in the Islamic , East BRILL, 2004 p.209.
  22. Jump up^ Quran 2:4, 34:13-14.
  23. Jump up^ Gideon Avni, https://books.google.com/books?id=ZLucAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA136p.136.
  24. Jump up^ Nicolle, David (1994). Yarmuk AD 636: The Muslim Conquest of Syria. Osprey Publishing.
  25. Jump up^ Rizwi Faizer (1998). "The Shape of the Holy: Early Islamic Jerusalem". Rizwi's Bibliography for Medieval Islam. Archived from the original on 2002-02-10.
  26. Jump up^ Haram al-Sharif Archived 2011-09-24 at the Wayback Machine., ArchNet
  27. Jump up^ Israeli Police Storm Disputed Jerusalem Holy Site Archived 2009-10-31 at the Wayback Machine.
  28. Jump up^ Gilbert, Lela (21 September 2015). "The Temple Mount – Outrageous Lies and Escalating Dangers". Hudson Institute. Retrieved 4 November 2015.
  29. Jump up^ Yashar, Ari (28 October 2015). "Watch: Waqf bans 'Religious Christians' from Temple Mount". Arutz Sheva. Retrieved 4 November 2015.
  30. Jump up^ "The Temple Mount". Jewish Virtual Library. Retrieved 4 November 2015.
  31. Jump up^ Gonen (2003), pp. 9-11
  32. Jump up^ Lundquist (2007), p. 103
  33. Jump up^ Finkelstein, Horbury, Davies & Sturdy (1999), p. 43
  34. Jump up^ "Temple Mount - Other sites".
  35. Jump up^ Simon Sebag Montefiore,Jerusalem: The Biography, p.371. Knopf 2011, ISBN9780307266514 [1]
  36. Jump up^ II Sam. xxiv. 16 et seq.; I Chron. xxi. 15 et seq.
  37. Jump up^ "Moriah". Easton's Bible Dictionary. Retrieved July 14, 2008.
  38. Jump up^ Gonen (2003), p. 69
  39. Jump up^ Negev (2005), p. 265
  40. Jump up^ Mazar (1975), pp. 124-126, 132
  41. Jump up^ Wikisource-logo.svg Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Aelia Capitolina". Encyclopædia Britannica. 1(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 256.
  42. Jump up^ Brian J. Incigneri,The Gospel to the Romans:the setting and rhetoric of Mark's gospel, BRILL 2003 p.192.
  43. Jump up^ Lester L. Grabbe (2010). An Introduction to Second Temple Judaism: History and Religion of the Jews in the Time of Nehemiah, the Maccabees, Hillel, and Jesus. A&C Black. pp. 19–20, 26–29. ISBN 9780567552488.
  44. Jump up^ Timothy D. Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, Harvard University Press 1981 pp.50-53, pp.201ff., p.211.,pp.245ff.
  45. Jump up^ John M. Lundquist, The Temple of Jerusalem: Past, Present, and Future,Greenwood Publishing Group 2008 p.156.
  46. Jump up^ F. E. Peters (1985). Jerusalem. Princeton University Press. p. 143.
  47. ^ Jump up to:a b c d e Yoram Tsafrir (2009). "70–638: The Temple-less Mountain". In Oleg Grabar and Benjamin Z. Kedar. Where Heaven and Earth Meet: Jerusalem's Sacred Esplanade. University of Texas Press. pp. 86–87.
  48. Jump up^ Har-El, Menashe Golden Jerusalem" Gefen Books 2004 p. 29
  49. Jump up^ Hagith Sivan (2008). Palestine in Late Antiquity. Oxford University Press. p. 205.
  50. Jump up^ F. E. Peters (1985). Jerusalem. Princeton University Press. pp. 145–147.
  51. Jump up^ Was the Aksa Mosque built over the remains of a Byzantine church?, By Etgar Lefkovits, Jerusalem Post, November 16, 2008
  52. Jump up^ Karmi, Ghada (1997). Jerusalem Today: What Future for the Peace Process?. Garnet & Ithaca Press. p. 116. ISBN 0-86372-226-1.
  53. ^ Jump up to:a b Dan Bahat (1990). The Illustrated Atlas of Jerusalem. Simon & Schuster. pp. 81–82.
  54. Jump up^ Andreas Kaplony (2009). "635/638–1099: The Mosque of Jerusalem (Masjid Bayt al-Maqdis)". In Oleg Grabar and Benjamin Z. Kedar. Where Heaven and Earth Meet: Jerusalem's Sacred Esplanade. Yad Ben-Zvi Press. pp. 100–131.
  55. ^ Jump up to:a b c F. E. Peters (1985). Jerusalem. Princeton University Press. pp. 186–192.
  56. Jump up^ Yehoshua Frenkel , ‘Jerusalem’, in Abdelwahab Meddeb, Benjamin Stora (eds.), A History of Jewish-Muslim Relations: From the Origins to the Present Day,Princeton University Press, 2013 p.108.
  57. Jump up^ John Wilkinson (2002). Jerusalem Pilgrims before the Crusades. p. 170.
  58. Jump up^ The Dome of the Rock as Palimpsest, Necipoglu, Muqarnas 2008
  59. Jump up^ Oleg Grabar, The Haram ak-Sharif: An essay in interpretation, BRIIFS vol. 2 no 2 (Autumn 2000) Archived 2012-10-04 at the Wayback Machine..
  60. ^ Jump up to:a b c d e f g h i "Entering the Temple Mount - in Halacha and Jewish History"ת Gedalia Meyer and Henoch Messner, PDF available at [2], Vol 10, Summer 2010, Hakirah.
  61. Jump up^ Selwood, Dominic. "Birth of the Order". Retrieved 20 April 2013.
  62. Jump up^ The History Channel, Decoding the Past: The Templar Code, 7 November 2005, video documentary written by Marcy Marzuni.
  63. Jump up^ Barber, The New Knighthood, p. 7.
  64. ^ Jump up to:a b c "Hashemite Restorations of the Islamic Holy Places in Jerusalem", Jordanian government website.
  65. Jump up^ Martin Gilbert, Jerusalem in the Twentieth Century (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1996, p254.
  66. Jump up^ Israeli, Raphael (2002). "Introduction: Everyday Life in Divided Jerusalem". Jerusalem Divided: The Armistice Regime, 1947–1967. Jerusalem: Routledge. p. 23. ISBN 0-7146-5266-0.
  67. Jump up^ David S. New,Holy War: The Rise of Militant Christian, Jewish and Islamic Fundamentalism, McFarland, 2001 pp.140ff.
  68. ^ Jump up to:a b c d e f g h Gonen, Rivka (2003). Contested holiness : Jewish, Muslim, and Christian perspectives on the Temple Mount in Jerusalem. Jersey City (N. J.): KTAV. pp. 149–155. ISBN 9780881257984.
  69. ^ Jump up to:a b c d Menachem Klein, Jerusalem: The Contested City, C. Hurst & Co. Publishers, 2001 pp.54-63
  70. Jump up^ Urî Huppert, Back to the ghetto: Zionism in retreat, Prometheus Books 1988 p.108.
  71. Jump up^ Ofira Seliktar, New Zionism and the Foreign Policy System of Israel, Routledge 2015 p.267
  72. Jump up^ "RECONSTRUCTION OF EVENTS (REVISED) AL-HARAM AL-SHARIF, JERUSALEM MONDAY, 8 OCTOBER 1990". United Nations. October 8, 1990. Archived from the original on 9 January 2015. Retrieved April 12, 2012.
  73. Jump up^ Rashid Khalidi, Palestinian Identity: The Construction of Modern National Consciousness, Columbia University Press, 2010 pp.215-216 n.22:'The pretext later invoked for the shootings was that the Palestinians inside the Haram were throwing stones at Jewish worshippers at the Wailing Wall plaza below, an allegation that careful journalistic investigation later revealed was false. It is impossible to be able to see the plaza from the Haram, given the high arcade that surrounds that latter, and the Palestinians were in fact throwing stones at Israeli security forces shooting at them from atop the Haram's western wall and adjacent roofs. It has since been established that most Jewish worshippers were gone before stones thrown at the soldiers went over the arcade and into the plaza. See Michael Emery,"New videotapes Reveal Israeli Cover-up," The Village Voice,November 13, 1990, pp.25-29 and the reportage by Mike Wallace on 60 Minutes, December 2, 1990. For a detailed account based on testimonies of eyewitnesses, see Raja Shehadeh The Sealed Room, (London: Quartet, 1992) pp.24-99'.
  74. Jump up^ "Judge Blames Israeli Police In Killing Of Palestinians". Sun Sentinel. July 19, 1991. Retrieved April 12, 2012.
  75. ^ Jump up to:a b Itamar Sharon, 'Jews must stop Temple Mount visits, Sephardi chief rabbi says', The Times of Israel, 7 November 2014.
  76. Jump up^ "2000: 'Provocative' mosque visit sparks riots". BBC. April 12, 2012. Retrieved April 12, 2012.
  77. Jump up^ Al-Hayat Al-Jadida (Palestinian Authority), August 24, 2000.
  78. Jump up^ Al-Sabah (Palestinian Authority), September 11, 2000
  79. Jump up^ Jeffrey Goldberg, "Arafat’s Gift," The New Yorker, January 29, 2001
  80. Jump up^ Dumper, Michael; Stanley, Bruce E. (1 January 2007). "Cities of the Middle East and North Africa: A Historical Encyclopedia". ABC-CLIO – via Google Books.
  81. Jump up^ Enrico Molinaro, The Holy Places of Jerusalem in Middle East Peace Agreements: The Conflict Between Global and State Identities, Sussex Academic Press, 2009, p.55.
  82. Jump up^ Kotzin, Daniel P. (2010). Judah L. Magnes: An American Jewish Nonconformist. Syracuse University Press. p. 222. ISBN 0815651090.
  83. Jump up^ Armstrong, Karen (2011). Jerusalem: One City, Three Faiths. Random House Digital, Inc. p. 382. ISBN 0307798593.
  84. Jump up^ Narkiss, Bezalel (1988). The real and ideal Jerusalem in Jewish, Christian, and Islamic art. Center for Jewish Art, Hebrew University of Jerusalem. p. 247. ISBN 965-391-007-8.
  85. Jump up^ "Report: Israel, Jordan in Talks to Readmit non-Muslim Visitors to Temple Mount Sites". Haaretz. June 30, 2015.
  86. ^ Jump up to:a b Nadav Shragai (November 13, 2014). "The "Status Quo" on the Temple Mount". JCPA.
  87. Jump up^ It's a mistake to allow right-wing MKs on Temple Mount, Police Chief Danino says, Jerusalem Post, 25 November 2014.
  88. Jump up^ Staton, Bethan. "The women of al-Aqsa: the compound's self-appointed guardians". Middle East Eye.
  89. Jump up^ "Israel Bans Two Muslim Activist Groups From Temple Mount". Haaretz. September 9, 2015.
  90. Jump up^ Preservation of the Holy Places Law, 1967.
  91. Jump up^ Jerusalem - The Legal and Political Background, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Government of Israel.
  92. Jump up^ Nadav Shragai, "Three Jews expelled from Temple Mount for praying".
  93. Jump up^ "Heavy security around al-Aqsa," Al Jazeera English, October 5, 2009.
  94. Jump up^ "PROTECTION OF CIVILIANS 16 – 29 SEPTEMBER 2009", UNITED NATIONS Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs occupied Palestinian territory.
  95. Jump up^ https://news.yahoo.com/palestinians-flock-jerusalem-israeli-restrictions-eased-152403694.html
  96. Jump up^ "Tourism Min. plan to widen Jewish access to Temple Mount angers Palestinians". Haaretz. 7 October 2014. Retrieved 5 November 2014.
  97. Jump up^ "Israel issues tender for new settlement units". Al Jazeera. 18 December 2011. Retrieved 5 November 2014.
  98. Jump up^ Elaine McArdle, "How to visit Temple Mount as a tourist: Old City, Jerusalem, Israel," The Whole World is a Playground, January 1, 2015
  99. Jump up^ Photograph of the northern wall area
  100. Jump up^ Wilson's map of the features under the Temple Mount
  101. Jump up^ Kaufman, Asher (May 23, 1991). "The Temple Site" (Abstract). The Jerusalem Post. p. 13. Retrieved March 4, 2007. The most important findings of the superposition of the Second Temple on the Temple area are that the Dome of the Rock was not built on the site of the Temple, and that the Temple was taper-shaped on the western side, a form hitherto unknown to the scholars.
  102. Jump up^ "Researcher says found location of the Holy Temple". Ynetnews. February 9, 2007. Retrieved March 4, 2007. Archaeology Professor Joseph Patrich uncovered a large water cistern that points, in his opinion, to the exact location of the altar and sanctuary on the Temple Mount. According to his findings, the rock on which the Dome of the Rock is built is outside the confines of the Temple.
  103. Jump up^ Under the Temple Mount
  104. Jump up^ "Determination of the location of the Temple based on the angle of sight of Agrippa II". templemount.org.
  105. Jump up^ Photograph of the inside of the Golden Gate
  106. Jump up^ image of the double gate passage
  107. Jump up^ Photograph of one of the chambers under the Triple Gate passageway
  108. Jump up^ Photograph of King Solomon's Stables
  109. Jump up^ See "The Washington Post, Opinion Columns, July 17, 2000 Protect the Temple Mount by Hershel Shanks
  110. Jump up^ "Policeman Assaulted Trying to Stop Illegal Temple Mount Dig". Arutz Sheva.
  111. Jump up^ "Jerusalem's Temple Mount Flap - Archaeology Magazine Archive". archaeology.org.
  112. Jump up^ "Waqf Temple Mount excavation raises archaeologists' protests". Haaretz.com. 11 July 2007.
  113. Jump up^ Jacqueline Schaalje, Special: The Temple Mount in Jerusalem.
  114. Jump up^ Violent clashes at key Jerusalem mosque on 'day of anger', timesonline, access-date=5 May 2009
  115. Jump up^ Mayor halts Temple Mount dig, BBC, access-date = 5 May 2009
  116. Jump up^ Temple Mount destruction stirred archaeologist to action, February 8, 2005 | by Michael McCormack, Baptist Press "Archived copy". Archived from the originalon 2014-07-26. Retrieved 2016-02-06.
  117. Jump up^ Esther Hecht, Battle of the Bulge
  118. Jump up^ Jerusalem Post
  119. Jump up^ "On-the-Spot Report from the Kotel Women´s Section Construction". Arutz Sheva.
  120. Jump up^ Fendel, Hillel (February 7, 2007). "Jerusalem Arabs Riot, Kassams Fired, After Old City Excavations". Arutz Sheva. Retrieved February 7, 2007.
  121. Jump up^ Weiss, Efrat (February 7, 2007). "Syria slams Jerusalem works". Yedioth Ahronoth. Retrieved February 7, 2007. Israeli excavation works near the al-Aqsa mosque in the holy city of Jerusalem have led to a dangerous rise in Middle East tensions and could derail revival of Arab-Israeli peace talks... what Israel is doing in its practices and attacks against our sacred Muslim sites in Jerusalem and al-Aqsa is a blatant violation that is not acceptable under any pretext
  122. Jump up^ Fendel, Hillel (September 9, 2007). "Silence in the Face of Continued Temple Mount Destruction". Arutz Sheva. Retrieved 2007-09-07.
  123. ^ Jump up to:a b Rapoport, Meron (July 7, 2007). "Waqf Temple Mount excavation raises archaeologists' protests". Haaretz. Retrieved 2007-07-11.
  124. Jump up^ Teible, Amy (August 31, 2007). "Jerusalem Holy Site Dig Questioned". The Guardian. Retrieved 2007-09-07.[dead link]
  125. Jump up^ "Revoking the death warrant". Al-Ahram Weekly. Archived from the originalon 2013-05-17.
  126. Jump up^ Babylonian Talmud Yoma 54b
  127. Jump up^ "Jerusalem: Eye of the Universe - Torah.org". torah.org.
  128. Jump up^ Toledot 25:21
  129. Jump up^ 2 Samuel 24:18–25
  130. Jump up^ Genesis Rabba 79.7: "And he bought the parcel of ground, where he had spread his tent...for a hundred pieces of money." Rav Yudan son of Shimon said: 'This is one of the three places where the non-Jews cannot deceive the Jewish People by saying that they stole it from them, and these are the places: Ma'arat HaMachpela, the Temple and Joseph's burial place. Ma'arat HaMachpela because it is written: 'And Abraham hearkened unto Ephron; and Abraham weighed to Ephron the silver,' (Genesis, 23:16); the Temple because it is written: 'So David gave to Ornan for the place,' (I Chronicles, 21:26); and Joseph's burial place because it is written: 'And he bought the parcel of ground...Jacob bought Shechem.' (Genesis, 33:19)." See also: Kook, Abraham Issac, Moadei Hare'iya, pp. 413–415.
  131. Jump up^ "1 Kings - EasyEnglish Bible". easyenglish.info.
  132. Jump up^ Karen Armstrong (29 April 1997). Jerusalem: one city, three faiths. Ballantine Books. p. 229. Retrieved 25 May 2011.
  133. Jump up^ Todd Gitlin,'Apocalypse Soonest,' Tablet 11 November 2014.
  134. Jump up^ "Israel MPs mull Jewish prayer at al-Aqsa site". aljazeera.com.
  135. Jump up^ Sefer HaCharedim Mitzvat Tshuva, Chapter 3; Shu"t Minchas Yitzchok, vol. 6
  136. Jump up^ Shaarei Teshuvah, Orach Chaim 561:1; cf. Teshuvoth Radbaz 691
  137. Jump up^ Moshe Sharon. "Islam on the Temple Mount" Biblical Archaeology ReviewJuly/August 2006. p. 36–47, 68. "Immediately after its construction, five Jewish families from Jerusalem were employed to clean the Dome of the Rock and to prepare wicks for its lamps"
  138. Jump up^ The Kaf hachaim (Orach Chaim 94:1:4 citing Radvaz Vol. 2; Ch. 648) mentions a case of a Jew who was forced onto the Temple Mount.
  139. ^ Jump up to:a b c d Motti Inbari (2009). Jewish Fundamentalism and the Temple Mount. SUNY Press. pp. 22–24.
  140. ^ Jump up to:a b c d Yoel Cohen (1999). "The Political Role of the Israeli Chief Rabbinate in the Temple Mount Question". Jewish Political Studies Review. 11 (1–2): 101–126.
  141. ^ Jump up to:a b c d Ron E. Hassner (2009). War on Sacred Grounds. Cornell University Press. pp. 113–133.
  142. Jump up^ Rabbis who support this opinion include: Mordechai Eliyahu, former Sefardi Chief Rabbi of Israel; Zalman Baruch Melamed, rosh yeshiva of the Beit El yeshiva; Eliezer Waldenberg, former rabbinical judge in the Rabbinical Supreme Court of the State of Israel; Avraham Yitzchak Kook, Chief Rabbi of Palestine (Mikdash-Build (Vol. I, No. 26)); Avigdor Nebenzahl, Rabbi of the Old City of Jerusalem.
  143. Jump up^ These rabbis include: Rabbis Yona Metzger (Ashkenazi Chief Rabbi of Israel); Shlomo Amar (Sefardi Chief Rabbi of Israel); Ovadia Yosef (spiritual leader of Sefardi Haredi Judaism and of the Shas party, and former Sefardi Chief Rabbi of Israel); Eliyahu Bakshi-Doron (former Sefardi Chief Rabbi of Israel); Shmuel Rabinowitz (rabbi of the Western Wall); Avraham Shapiro (former Ashkenazi Chief Rabbi of Israel); Shlomo Aviner (rosh yeshiva of Ateret Cohanim); Yisrael Meir Lau(former Ashkenazi Chief Rabbi of Israel and current Chief Rabbi of Tel Aviv). Source: Leading rabbis rule Temple Mount is off-limits to Jews
  144. Jump up^ Meyer, Gedalia; Messner, Henoch (2010). "Entering the Temple Mount—in Halacha and Jewish History". Hakirah. 10: 29. ISBN 0-9765665-9-1.
  145. Jump up^ These rabbis include: Yaakov Yisrael Kanievsky (Thoughts on the 28th of Iyar - Yom Yerushalayim Archived March 10, 2010, at the Wayback Machine.); Yosef Sholom Eliashiv (Rabbi Eliashiv: Don't go to Temple Mount)
  146. Jump up^ Margalit, Ruth (2014). "The Politics of Prayer at the Temple Mount". The New Yorker.
  147. Jump up^ Yoel Cohen, The political role of the Israeli Chief Rabbinate in the Temple Mount question
  148. ^ Jump up to:a b Yated Ne'eman article Archived March 10, 2010, at the Wayback Machine.
  149. Jump up^ Nadav Shragai (May 26, 2006). "In the Holy of Holies". Haaretz.
  150. ^ Jump up to:a b Jeremy Sharon (December 2, 2013). "Chief Rabbis reimpose ban on Jews visiting Temple Mount". Jerusalem Post.
  151. Jump up^ 'Orthodox Jewish newspaper asks Arabs to avoid killing Haredi Jews,' Ma'an News Agency 29 October 2015.
  152. Jump up^ "A Muslim Iconoclast (Ibn Taymiyyeh) on the 'Merits' of Jerusalem and Palestine", by Charles D. Matthews, Journal of the American Oriental Society, volume 56 (1935), pp. 1–21. [Includes Arabic text of manuscript of Ibn Taymiyya's short work Qa'ida fi Ziyarat Bayt-il-Maqdis قاعدة في زيارة بيت المقدس]
  153. Jump up^ The Night Journey, Qurandislam
  154. Jump up^ "Merits of the Helpers in Madinah (Ansaar) - Hadith Sahih Bukhari". haditsbukharionline.blogspot.ca.
  155. Jump up^ "The Farthest Mosque must refer to the site of the Solomon's Temple in Jerusalem on the hill of Moriah, at or near which stands the Dome of the Rock... it was a sacred place to both Jews and Christians... The chief dates in connection with the Temple in Jerusalem are: It was finished by Solomon about 1004 BCE; destroyed by the Babylonians under Nebuchadnezzar about 586 BCE; rebuilt under Ezra and Nehemiah about 515 BCE; turned into a heathen idol temple by one of Alexander the Great's successors, Antiochus Epiphanes, 167 BCE; restored by Herod, 17 BCE to 29; and completely razed to the ground by the Emperor Titusin 70. These ups and downs are among the greater signs in religious history." (Yusuf Ali, Commentary on the Koran, 2168.
  156. Jump up^ "The city of Jerusalem was chosen at the command of Allah by Prophet David in the tenth century BCE. After him his son Prophet Solomon built a mosque in Jerusalem according to the revelation that he received from Allah. For several centuries this mosque was used for the worship of Allah by many Prophets and Messengers of Allah. It was destroyed by the Babylonians in the year 586 BCE., but it was soon rebuilt and was rededicated to the worship of Allah in 516 BCE. It continued afterwards for several centuries until the time of Prophet Jesus. After he departed this world, it was destroyed by the Romans in the year 70 CE." (Siddiqi, Dr. Muzammil. Status of Al-Aqsa Mosque Archived 2011-02-11 at the Wayback Machine., IslamOnline, May 21, 2007. Retrieved July 12, 2007.)
  157. Jump up^ "Early Muslims regarded the building and destruction of the Temple of Solomon as a major historical and religious event, and accounts of the Temple are offered by many of the early Muslim historians and geographers (including Ibn Qutayba, Ibn al-Faqih, Mas'udi, Muhallabi, and Biruni). Fantastic tales of Solomon's construction of the Temple also appear in the Qisas al-anbiya', the medieval compendia of Muslim legends about the pre-Islamic prophets." (Kramer, Martin. The Temples of Jerusalem in Islam, Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs, September 18, 2000. Retrieved November 21, 2007.)
    • "While there is no scientific evidence that Solomon's Temple existed, all believers in any of the Abrahamic faiths perforce must accept that it did." (Khalidi, Rashid. Transforming the Face of the Holy City: Political Messages in the Built Topography of Jerusalem, Bir Zeit University, November 12, 1998.)
  158. Jump up^ A Brief Guide to al-Haram al-Sharif, a booklet published in 1925 (and earlier) by the "Supreme Moslem Council", a body established by the British government to administer waqfs and headed by Hajj Amin al-Husayni during the British Mandateperiod, states on page 4: "The site is one of the oldest in the world. Its sanctity dates from the earliest (perhaps from pre-historic) times. Its identity with the site of Solomon's Temple is beyond dispute. This, too, is the spot, according to universal belief, on which 'David built there an altar unto the Lord, and offered burnt offerings and peace offerings.'(2 Samuel 24:25)"
  159. Jump up^
    • "The Rock was in the time of Solomon the son of David 12 cubits high and there was a dome over it...It is written in the Tawrat [Bible]: 'Be happy Jerusalem,' which is Bayt al-Maqdis and the Rock which is called Haykal." al-Wasati, Fada'il al Bayt al-Muqaddas, ed. Izhak Hasson (Jerusalem, 1979) pp. 72ff.
  160. Jump up^ Schiller, Gertud. Iconography of Christian Art, Vol. I, 1971 (English trans from German), Lund Humphries, London, ISBN 0-85331-270-2; Penny, Nicholas. National Gallery Catalogues (new series): The Sixteenth Century Italian Paintings, Volume I, 2004, National Gallery Publications Ltd, ISBN 1-85709-908-7.
  161. Jump up^ Davidson, Linda Kay and David Martin Gitlitz "Pilgrimage: From the Ganges to Graceland : an Encyclopedia" Volume 1, ABC-CLIO, Inc, Santa Barbara, CA 2002, p. 274.
  162. Jump up^ Andreas J. Köstenberger, 'The Destruction of the Second Temple and the Composition of the Fourth Gospel ,' in John Lierman (ed.)Challenging Perspectives on the Gospel of John, Mohr Siebeck 2006 pp.69-108, pp.101-102.
  163. Jump up^ "BBC NEWS - Middle East - Warning over Jerusalem holy site". bbc.co.uk.
  164. Jump up^ "Jerusalem wall collapse sparks Jewish-Muslim row". smh.com.au.
  165. Jump up^ "Arabs Vandalize Judaism's Holiest Site". Arutz Sheva. March 31, 2005. Retrieved July 11, 2007.
  166. Jump up^ "Rightist MK Ariel visits Temple Mount as thousands throng Wall". Haaretz.com. 9 October 2006.
  167. Jump up^ Wagner, Matthew (October 10, 2006). Rabbis split on Temple Mount synagogue plan. The Jerusalem Post.
  168. Jump up^ "UK News, World News and Opinion". timesonline.co.uk.
  169. Jump up^ "Rabbis visiting Temple Mount 'hope for an awakening'". ynet.
  170. Jump up^ "A provocation in religious clothing". Haaretz.com. 15 May 2007.
  171. Jump up^ Sela, Neta (May 16, 2007). "Rabbi Shapira forbids visiting temple Mount". Ynet. Retrieved May 17, 2007.
  172. Jump up^ Kyzer, Liel (October 25, 2009). Israel Police battle Arab rioters on Temple Mount; PA official arrested. Haaretz.
  173. Jump up^ Arrests at holy site in Jerusalem. BBC News. October 25, 2009.
  174. Jump up^ Jerusalem holy site stormed. The Straits Times. October 25, 2009.
  175. Jump up^ Clashes erupt at Aqsa compound. Al Jazeera. October 25, 2009.
  176. Jump up^ "Half the Public Wants to See Holy Temple Rebuilt". Arutz Sheva.
  177. Jump up^ "Israeli lawmaker visits flashpoint religious site". Reuters.
  178. Jump up^ Ariel, Omri. "Temple Mount terrorists named, identified as 3 Israeli Arabs from Umm al-Fahm". Jerusalem Online. Retrieved 19 July 2017.
  179. Jump up^ Unattributed. "Israeli police killed in attack near Jerusalem holy site". BBC. Retrieved 19 July 2017.
  180. Jump up^ Shaham, Udi. "Muslim authority protests Temple Mount security measures, blocks entrance". J

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