What is IVU ( INTRAVENOUS UROGRAM ? ( some kind of medical test ) Top 16 Drugs That Cause Kidney Damage:
What is IVU ( INTRAVENOUS UROGRAM ? ( some kind of medical test ) Top 16 Drugs That Cause Kidney Damage:
Comments:
If you have no vascular problems, it is not necessary to take aspirin. If you wish to take it, limit your dosage to a baby aspirin two or three times a week rather than daily. A baby aspirin has 81 mg. Also consider fish oil softgels or other herbal supplements and herbs, such as garlic, since they can help with thinning the blood.
What is intravenous urography?
Intravenous urography (also known as intravenous pyelography) is an X-ray procedure which is used to assess problems in your kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra. These structures make up your urinary tract. The ureters are tubes which go from each kidney to your bladder. The urethra is the tube from your bladder that passes out urine.
The urinary tract does not show up well on ordinary X-ray pictures. However, with intravenous urography a contrast dye is injected into a vein ('intravenous' injection). The dye travels in your bloodstream, concentrates in your kidneys, and is passed out into your ureters with urine made by your kidneys.
The dye blocks X-rays so the structure of your kidneys, ureters and bladder shows up clearly as white on X-ray pictures.
The X-ray pictures produced are called an intravenous urogram (IVU) but can also be called an intravenous pyelogram (IVP).
What is intravenous urography used for?
Intravenous urography can help to assess a range of problems. For example:
- Kidney stones. A stone in a kidney or in the tube which goes from a kidney to the bladder (the ureter) will normally show up quite clearly.
- Urine infections. If you have infections of your bladder or kidney which come back (recur), an IVU may help to find if you have a blockage or other abnormality of your urinary tract.
- Blood in the urine. This can be due to various causes such as infection, inflammation and tumours of the kidney. An IVU may help to clarify the cause.
- Obstruction or damage to any part of the urinary tract can often be seen on an IVU.
IVU (Intravenous urogram) or IVP (IV pyelogram)
কিডনির অসুখকে নিরব ঘাতক বলা হয়। চুপিসারে এই রোগ আপনার শরীরে বাসা বেঁধে আপনাকে শেষ করে দেয়। সাম্প্রতিক গবেষণায় দেখা গেছে মারাত্নক স্বাস্থ্য সমস্যাগুলোর মধ্যে কিডনি ড্যামেজ ক্যান্সার, হার্ট অ্যাটাকের পর অবস্থান করছে। শুধুমাত্র আমেরিকাতে প্রায় ২৬ মিলিয়ন মানুষ কিডনি সমস্যায় ভুগছেন। আতঙ্কের বিষয় হল এর মধ্যে বেশিরভাগ মানুষই জানেন না যে তারা কিডনি সমস্যায় ভুগছেন। যার ফলশ্রুতিতে সময়মত চিকিৎসার অভাবে অকাল হারাতে হচ্ছে প্রাণ। কিছু সাধারণ লক্ষণ দেখে বুঝে নিতে পারেন আপনার কিডনিটি ভাল আছে কিনা।
১। প্রস্রাবে সমস্যা
তুলনামূলকভাবে প্রস্রাব কম হওয়া কিডনি রোগের অন্যতম একটি লক্ষণ। শুধু তাই নয় রাতে ঘন ঘন প্রস্রাবের বেগও কিডনি সমস্যার লক্ষণ প্রকাশ করে। সাধারণত কিডনির ফিল্টার নষ্ট হয়ে যাওয়ার কারণে এই ধরণের সমস্যা দেখা দেয়।
২। প্রস্রাবে রক্ত
সুস্থ কিডনি সাধারণত শরীরের ভিতরে রক্তে থাকা বর্জ্য পদার্থ প্রস্রাবের সাথে বের করে দেয়। কিডনি ক্ষতিগ্রস্ত হলে প্রস্রাবের সাথে ব্লাড সেল বের হয়ে যায়। সাধারণত কিডনি পাথর, কিডনি ইনফেকশন হলে এই সমস্যা দেখা দিয়ে থাকে। এছাড়া প্রস্রাবে অনেক বেশি ফেনা দেখা দিলে বুঝতে হবে যে, প্রস্রাবের সাথে প্রোটিন বের হয়ে যাচ্ছে। প্রস্রাবে অ্যালবুমিন নামক প্রোটিনের উপস্থিতির জন্যই এমন হয়।
৩। অনেক বেশি ক্লান্ত অনুভব হওয়া, মনোযোগ কমে যাওয়া
কিডনির কার্যক্ষমতা কমে গেলে রক্তে দূষিত এবং বিষাক্ত পদার্থ উৎপন্ন হয়। যার কারণে আপনি ক্লান্ত, দুর্বল অনুভব করেন। এমনকি কাজে মনোযোগ হারিয়ে ফেলেন। এই সময় রক্ত স্বল্পতা দেখা দিয়ে থাকে। দুর্বলতা অনুভব করার আরেও একটি কারণ এটি।
৪।পায়ের গোড়ালি ও পায়ের পাতা ফুলে গেলে
হঠাৎ করে পায়ের পাতা এবং গোড়ালি ফুলে যাওয়া কিডনি রোগের অন্যতম লক্ষণ। কিডনির কার্যক্ষমতা কমে গেলে দেহে সোডিয়ামের পরিমাণ কমে যায়, যার কারণে পায়ের পাতা, গোড়ালি ফুলে যেয়ে থাকে।
৫। খাবারে অরুচি
বিভিন্ন কারণে খাবারে অরুচি হতে পারে। কিন্তু এটি ঘন ঘন খাবারে অরুচি হওয়া, বমি বমি ভাব লাগাকে অবহেলা করবেন না। শরীরে বিষাক্ত পদার্থ উৎপাদন হওয়ার কারণে এই ধরণের সমস্যা দেখা দিয়ে থাকে।
৬। চোখের চারপাশ ফুলে যাওয়া
যখন কিডনি থেকে বেশি পরিমাণে প্রোটিন প্রস্রাবের সাথে বের হয়ে যায়, তখন চোখের চারপাশ ফুলে যায়। তাই এই সমস্যাকে অবহেলা না করে দ্রুত চিকিৎসকের পরামর্শ গ্রহণ করা উচিত।
৭। মাংসপেশিতে টান
আপনি হয়তো শুনে থাকবেন ইলেক্ট্রোলাইট উপাদানের ভারসাম্যহীনতার কারণে কিডনি সমস্যা হয়ে থাকে। আর এই উপাদানটি কমে গেলে মাংসপেশী টান, খিঁচুনি সমস্যা দেখা দিয়ে থাকে।
৮। ত্বকে র্যাশ এবং চুলকানি দেখা দেওয়া
রক্তে মিনারেল এবং পুষ্টি উপাদান ভারসাম্যহীন হয়ে পড়লে ত্বকে র্যাশ এবং চুলকানি দেখা দিয়ে থাকে। মূলত কিডনি সঠিকভাবে কাজ না করলে শরীরে মিনারেল এবং পুষ্টি উপাদানের মধ্যে ভারসাম্যহীনতা দেখা দিয়ে থাকে।
সাধারণ এই লক্ষণগুলো দেখা দেওয়ার সাথে সাথে কিডনি পরীক্ষা অথবা চিকিৎসকের পরামর্শ নেওয়া উচিত। একটি ছোট অবহেলা কেড়ে নিতে পারে আপনার জীবন।
OTHER TEST
MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) scan - MRI scan exposes the body to a strong magnetic field and creates images based on the molecular composition of different organs and tissues. The amount of fine detail in the pictures is greater than with either the ultrasound or CAT scan. However, the procedure, since it involves exposing the patient to a strong magnetic field, cannot be used in those who have metal devices in their bodies (such as pacemakers or defibrillators). The procedure may also be somewhat difficult for patients to undergo, since the patient must lie still in a dark, enclosed tunnel and must not be upset by banging noises made by the machinery. MRI scans are sometimes done with a special type of dye (administered by IV) called gadolinium: this dye is not used in patients with moderately- to severely-reduced renal function because of a risk of adverse effects particularly in a condition called "nephrogenic systemic fibrosis
MORE INFORMATION
Intravenous urography is a test that uses X-rays and a special dye to help assess your kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra.
What is intravenous urography?
Cross-section diagram of the urinary tract describing how an intravenous urography is performed
Intravenous urography (also known as intravenous pyelography) is an X-ray procedure which is used to assess problems in your kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra. These structures make up your urinary tract. The ureters are tubes which go from each kidney to your bladder. The urethra is the tube from your bladder that passes out urine.
The urinary tract does not show up well on ordinary X-ray pictures. However, with intravenous urography a contrast dye is injected into a vein ('intravenous' injection). The dye travels in your bloodstream, concentrates in your kidneys, and is passed out into your ureters with urine made by your kidneys.
The dye blocks X-rays so the structure of your kidneys, ureters and bladder shows up clearly as white on X-ray pictures.
The X-ray pictures produced are called an intravenous urogram (IVU) but can also be called an intravenous pyelogram (IVP).
What is intravenous urography used for?
Intravenous urography can help to assess a range of problems. For example:
Kidney stones. A stone in a kidney or in the tube which goes from a kidney to the bladder (the ureter) will normally show up quite clearly.
Urine infections. If you have infections of your bladder or kidney which come back (recur), an IVU may help to find if you have a blockage or other abnormality of your urinary tract.
Blood in the urine. This can be due to various causes such as infection, inflammation and tumours of the kidney. An IVU may help to clarify the cause.
Obstruction or damage to any part of the urinary tract can often be seen on an IVU.
What preparation do I need to do before intravenous urography?
Your kidneys have to be able to filter the dye. Therefore, it is seldom performed if you have kidney failure. Before the procedure you may need a blood test to check that you do not have kidney failure.
Tell your doctor if you have any allergies, especially allergy to contrast dyes such as iodine.
You may be asked not to eat for several hours before the procedure. This ensures that your gut (intestines) is empty of food, which makes the X-ray pictures clearer.
You may be given some laxatives to take for a day or so before the procedure. The aim of this is to clear the intestines, which will make the X-ray pictures clearer.
You may be asked to sign a consent form to confirm that you understand the procedure.
If you have diabetes and take a medicine called metformin you may need to stop the metformin for two days prior to the procedure. This is because the combination of metformin and contrast dye may affect the kidneys. (You should discuss this, and how to manage your diabetes over this period, in more detail with your doctor.)
How is intravenous urography done
You will be asked to wear a gown and to lie on a couch. Contrast dye is then injected into a vein in your hand or arm. This may sting a little. The dye then starts to filter through the kidneys into the tubes which go from each kidney to the bladder (the ureters).
A series of X-ray pictures is then taken over your tummy (abdomen), usually every 5-10 minutes. You stay on the couch between each X-ray picture; however, you may be asked to get up to empty your bladder before the final X-ray picture is taken. The procedure usually takes about 30-60 minutes. Some pictures, however, may be taken hours later in certain circumstances.
You should be able to go home as soon as the procedure is finished. You can eat normally straight afterwards.
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Are there any side-effects or risks from intravenous urography?
When the dye is injected you may have a flushing or warm feeling and a metallic taste in the mouth. These usually quickly go.
An allergic reaction to the dye occurs in a small number of cases. Symptoms may be mild - for example, an itchy skin rash and some mild swelling of the lips. More severe symptoms are rare - for example, breathing difficulties and collapse due to low blood pressure. It has to be stressed that severe reactions are rare and the hospital department doing the procedure will have access to full resuscitation equipment, should it be needed.
Acute kidney injury is a rare complication.
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Some other points about intravenous urography
Pregnant women, if possible, should not have any X-ray tests, as there is a small risk that X-rays may cause an abnormality to the unborn child. This is why women are asked before having an X-ray if they are, or might be, pregnant.
Intravenous urography is not done as often as it used to be. This is because of the development of other scanning techniques. Certain kidney problems are now more commonly assessed with techniques such as ultrasound scan, CT scan and MRI scan
another information of IVU TEST
Why an Intravenous Urogram (IVU)?
The IVP demonstrates the "renal tract". The renal tract is made up of the kidneys, the ureters which are the tubes between the kidneys and bladder, and the bladder.
Preparing for the test
If you have had a previous IVU, abdomen x-ray, kidney ultrasound or CT please bring your films and/or report with you.
You will not be able to eat or drink for three hours prior to this test.
The test usually takes between 30 and 60 minutes; at the start you will be asked to undress, only leaving on your underpants and singlet. The Radiographer (X-ray technician) will give you a gown to wear (like a big T shirt).
Female patients - please let us know prior to this test if you are, or think you may be pregnant.
Who does the test?
A Radiologist (Doctor specialising in medical imaging) and a Radiographer will be in the room with you during this test. They will explain the procedure, but don't hesitate to ask them if you do not understand.
Contrast media
See contrast medium for more information.
This examination requires you to have an injection of a contrast medium. This fluid is opaque to X-rays; is concentrated in the kidneys, and goes into the bladder before being passed out with urine. It is colourless, so you cannot see it when you go to the toilet.
Shortly after the injection, some people report feeling a warm flush, and sometimes have a metallic taste in their mouth.
These usually disappear within a minute or two, and are no cause for alarm. Should you become itchy or short of breath, let the Radiologist know straight away, as you may have a slight reaction to the contrast and need to have some antihistamine.
If you have asthma or severe allergies, the Radiologist may suggest you take a steroid, or use other imaging options. The Radiologist will discuss this with you and your Doctor.
Prior to the examination, we will give you information on contrast media and will ask you to sign a consent. If you have any questions, please discuss these with the Radiographer and / or Radiologist.
The procedure
You will lie on an X-ray table where the Radiographer will take a image of your abdomen. These images are to see if any stones are shown anywhere in the renal tract.
The Radiologist will then give you an injection in your arm. After this injection, a series of images will be taken over the next 30 minutes as the dye passes through your renal tract. At one stage, a tight band may be placed on your lower abdomen. This helps us to obtain maximum filling with the contrast medium, and thus better detail of the kidneys.
At the end of the examination, you will be asked to empty your bladder and another image taken to see the empty bladder.
At the completion of the examination
After the Radiologist has seen your X-rays and the test is completed, you may go home. You can eat and drink normally. The contrast media is passed out of the body very quickly, and you will not notice it in your urine.
After the examination
The Radiologist will review the images and provide a written report to your referring doctor.
Please settle your account on the day of the examination.
Your kidneys are essentially your blood’s filtration system.
Top 16 Drugs That Cause Kidney Damage: Please Share For Awareness
Your kidneys are essentially your blood’s filtration system.
This means that any toxins that are in your blood eventually finds their way into your kidneys, where they are later transformed and expelled through urine. All of your blood is filtered by these organs multiple times a day (1).
Both are located on your back, along your spine, and are each about the size of a fist.
Kidney disease and failure are so hard to detect, in fact, that it’s possible to lose up to 90% of kidney function without experiencing any symptoms or problems, according to WebMD.
Drug-Induced Kidney Damage
Drugs are one of the most common causes of kidney damage. Over the last 30 years, instances of drug-induced acute kidney injury have been on the rise (2).
According to a 2008 review published in American Family Physician: “Drugs cause approximately 20 percent of community-and hospital-acquired episodes of acute renal failure. Among older adults, the incidence of drug-induced nephrotoxicity may be as high as 66 percent.”
In part, drugs can cause kidney inflammation, which can lead to fibrosis and renal scarring, and thus, kidney failure.
Nephrotoxic Drugs That Cause Kidney Damage
Before taking any of these drugs, be aware that they are known to cause severe (and sometimes deadly) kidney damage (3,4,5).
If you already have kidney problems, these drugs can be deadly even in small doses. And so, make sure to only take medication prescribed by your healthcare provider and respect the recommended dose.
1. Antibiotics
Including: ciprofloxacin, methicillin, vancomycin, aminoglycosides, cephalosporins, amphotericin B, bacitracin, and sulfonamides.
2. Analgesics
Including: acetaminophen and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID), aspirin, ibuprofen, naproxen, and other prescription and non-prescription painkillers.
3. COX-2 Inhibitors
Including: celecoxib (Celebrex), rofecoxib (Vioxx), and valdecoxib (Bextra).
4. Heartburn Drugs
Including: proton pump inhibitors like omeprazole (Prilosec), lansoprazole (Prevacid), pantoprazole (Protonix), rabeprazole (Rabecid, Aciphex), and esomeprazole (Nexium, Esotrex).
5. Antiviral Drugs
Including: acyclovir (Zovirax), used to treat herpes infection, and indinavir, ritonavir, and tenofovir, all used to treat HIV.
6. High Blood Pressure Drugs
Including: captopril (Capoten), lisinopril, ramipril, and angiotensin receptor blockers like candesartan and valsartan.
7. Rheumatoid Arthritis Drugs
Including: infliximab (Remicade), chloroquine, and hydroxychloroquine, which are used to treat malaria and systemic lupus erythematosus as well as rheumatoid arthritis.
8. Bipolar Disorder Drugs
Including: Lithium
9. Anticonvulsants
Including: phenytoin (Dilantin) and trimethadione (Tridione).
10. Chemotherapy Drugs
Including: interferons, pamidronate, cisplatin, carboplatin, cyclosporine, tacrolimus, quinine, mitomycin C, bevacizumab, cisplatin, carboplatin, and methotrexate.
11. Osteoporosis And Hypercalcemia Medication
Including: Zoledronic acid including Reclast, and Zometa.
12. Prescription And Over-The-Counter Laxatives
Including: sodium phosphate (OSP) products like Visicol and OsmoPrep.
13. Hyperthyroidism Drugs
Including: propylthiouracil
14. Contrast Dye
Including: dyes used in MRIs and CT-scans.
15. Ulcer Medicines
Including: cimetidine and more.
16. Illegal Drugs
Including: Cocaine, heroin, and amphetamines.
Bonus: Alcohol
Alcoholics have a high risk of developing both kidney and liver failure, so enjoy a drink in moderation or forgo it completely. Chemicals including insecticides, herbicides, and ethylene glycol can also cause acute kidney injury.
Other Risks
Acute kidney failure can lead to unpleasant problems including (6):
- Shortness of breath, caused by fluid buildup in the lungs
- Chest pain, caused by inflammation of the lining that covers your heart (pericardium).
- Muscle weakness, caused by electrolyte imbalance
- Permanent kidney damage, requiring either permanent dialysis or kidney transplant for survival.
- Death
Other organs are also affected by prescriptions, including your liver, which detoxifies chemicals and metabolizes drugs (7).
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