ভূত-প্রেত একটি অন্ধবিশ্বাস যা এখন বৈজ্ঞানিক গবেষণায় ও প্রমানিত হয়ে গেল !!
ভূত বাসা
বাঁধে মানুষের
মনের অন্ধকারে
,
সেখানে
জ্ঞানের আলো প্রবেশ
করানো সম্ভব
হলে ভূতেরা
পালায় ,
জ্ঞান আনে
সাহস , ফলে
ভূতেরা মারা
যায় ,
ভূত- প্রেত কোনো
দিনই ছিল
না , এখনও
নেই
আর ভবিষ্যতেও
কোনো দিন
থাকবেনা ৷
আমাদের প্রত্যহ্ নানাবিধ ঘটনা ঘটছে , তবে দেশ , কাল ও স্থান ভেদে তার কিছু পার্থক্য থাকতে পারে ; ঐ সব ঘটনাকে সাধারণত দুই ভাগে ভাগ করা হয়েছে -
(১) লৌকিক এবং
(২) অলৌকিক নামে ।
যে সমস্ত ঘটনার কারণসমূহ সাধারণত ইন্দ্রিয়গ্রাহ্য , তাকে লৌকিক বলা হয় এবং যাহা ইন্দ্রিয়গ্রাহ্য নয় , তাকে বলা হয় ঐশ্বরিক বা ভৌতিক ।
ভূত-প্রেত বা গন্ধর্ব মানুষকে আশ্রয় করে , এই বিশ্বাস ভারতীয় বৈদিক
যুগেও ছিল । তার নিদর্শন পাওয়া যায় বৈদিক সাহিত্যে ।
বৃহদারণ্যক উপনিষদের তৃতীয় অধ্যায়ের তৃতীয় ব্রাহ্মণে দেখা যায় ,
পাতঞ্জল কাপ্যের এক কন্যা গন্ধর্বগৃহীতা
(আবিষ্টা)
হয়েছেল
(ভূতের
দ্বারা
আক্রান্ত
হয়েছিল
)
মধ্যযুগে পূর্ব ইউরোপীয় ইহুদী ধর্ম হয়েছিল ভূত-প্রেত , দৈত্য-দানব ও ডাকিনী-যোগিনীর নিরাপদ বাসস্থান । ইহুদীদের মধ্যে ভূতে পাওয়ার বিশেষভাবে প্রসার লাভ করেছিল । ঐ সকল ভূত বা দানবকে দিব্বুক
(Dibbuk) বলা হত । যাহা মানুষের দেহকে আশ্রয় করত এবং যার উপর চাপত, তার ব্যক্তিত্ব একেবারেই লোপ পেত । তখন নানাবিধ তন্ত্র-মন্ত্র,
তাবিজ- কবচ এবং ওঝার ঝাড়-ফুঁক এর উদ্ভাবন ও প্রচলন করেছিল সে কালের
ইহুদীরা ।
এখনো এই বিশ্বাস বিশ্বের বিভিন্ন দেশে প্রচলিত আছে ৷
খ্রীস্টান জগতে ভূতে পাওয়া সম্বন্ধে ধারণা ছিল আরও অদ্ভুত । তারা ভূতে পাওয়া রোগীকে দুনিয়াতেই রাখতো না , একেবারে প্রাণে মেরে ফেলতো । তবে বর্তমানে তারা শিক্ষিত
,সভ্য ও উন্নত হয়ে
যাওয়ায় এখন আর আগের মত প্রাণে
মারে না ৷
ঘটনা যেমন দুই জাতীয় ,
রোগও দুই জাতীয় - শারীরিক
ও মানসিক ।
কলেরা , বসন্ত ও জ্বরাদি ইত্যাদি রোগসমূহ শারীরিক; ইহা ইন্দ্রিয়গাহ্য ।
উম্মাদাদি রোগসমূহ মানসিক , এর কারণসমূহ ইন্দ্রিয়গ্রাহ্য বা সহজবোধ্য নয় ।
তাই এক শ্রেণীর মানুষ একে বলে ভৌতিক অর্থাৎ ভূতের আশ্রয় বা ভূতে পাওয়া রোগ ।
ভূতে পাওয়া রোগীরা কখনও হাসে , কখনও কাঁদে , কখনও নাচে বা গান গায় ; কেহ আবোলতাবোল বকে , কেহবা গুম হয়ে বসে থাকে ইত্যাদি ।
ভূতে পাওয়া রোগ -(১) শিক্ষিত অপেক্ষা অশিক্ষিতদের মধ্যে বেশি হয় ,
(২) শহর অপেক্ষা গ্রামাঞ্চলে বেশি হয় , (৩) পুরুষ অপেক্ষা বেশি হয় নারীদের এবং (৪) শিশু ও বৃদ্ধ অপেক্ষা যুবক-যুবতী বা মধ্যবয়সীদের মধ্যে বেশি দেখা যায় ৷
রোগের কাবণ --১. সধারণত সুশিক্ষিত ব্যক্তিরা কুসংস্কারমুক্ত এবং অশিক্ষিতরাই
নানবিধ কুসংস্কারে আচ্ছন্ন । এরা যে কোনো মানসিক রোগের দায় পরী বা ভূতের মাথায় চাপিয়ে থাকে।
২ . সাধারণত শহর হতে পল্লী অঞ্চলে অশিক্ষিতের সংখ্যা বেশি , তারা যে কোনো মানসিক বিকৃতিকে
‘ ভূতের
দৃষ্টি
‘ বলে অভিহিত করে ,এমনকি কলেরা-বসন্তকেও ‘ওলা ‘ এবং ‘ শীতলা’র উৎপাত বলে মনে করে ।
৩ . মনোবিজ্ঞানী ফ্রয়েডের মতে উম্মাদ রোগ অধিকাংশই প্রণয় বা কাম ঘটিত । এর মূল কারণ হলো যৌনমিলনে বিফলকাম হওয়া । যার ডাক্তারী নাম নিস্ফম্যানিয়া বা কামোন্মাদ । কামঘটিত ব্যাপারে পুরুষদের অপেক্ষা নারীরা বিফলকাম হয় বেশি , তাই এদের কামোন্মাদ রোগ বনাম ভূতের দৃষ্টিও বেশি ,বিশেষত যৌবনে ।
৪ . অনেক চিকিৎসকের মতে রমণীদের মাসিক ঋতুর বা প্রসবান্তে জরায়ুর গোলমালের জন্য অনেক ক্ষেত্রে উন্মাদ রোগ জন্মে থাকে । রমণীদের শৈশব ও বার্ধক্যে এর কোনোটাই থাকেনা . থাকে যৌবনে । কাজেই মধ্যম বয়সী রমণীদের উন্মাদনা বা ভূতে পাওয়া রোগও বেশি হয় । এতসব নানা কারণে মানুষের মস্তিষ্কবিকৃতি ঘটে থাকে । পল্লী অঞ্চলে এগুলোর দায়ও ভূতের মাথায় চাপানো হয় ।
বস্তুত দেও , পরী ,ভূত ইত্যাদি নামের কোনো জানোয়ার বা অন্য কিছু দুনিয়ায় কোথাও নেই , আছে শুধু ভূল ও অন্ধ বিশ্বাস ।
সূত্র;-আরজ আলী মাতুব্বের সৃষ্টি রহস্য বই এবং
প্রাচীন প্যালেস্টাইন,
শচীন্দ্রনাথ চট্রোপাধ্যায়, পৃ-২১৩-২১৮,
সুইস প্রফেসর অলাফ ব্ল্যান্ক ( professor Olaf Blanke ) গবেষণাগারে একটি েকটি ভূতের অস্থিত্ব বাস্তবে আছে কি না সে ব্যাপারে একটি গবেষণা পরিচালনা করেন ৷ এই গবেষণায় একটি রোবট ব্যবহার করেন ৷ গবেষণায় বিজ্ঞানীরা দেখতে পান আসলে ভূত মানুষের মস্তিষ্কেরই সৃষ্টি ৷ গবেষকেরা রোবটের মাধ্যমে নকল ভূত তৈরি করেন এবং কিছু আগ্রহী ভলেনটিয়ারের সহায়তায় শেষ পর্যন্ত প্রমাণ করতে সক্ষম হয়েছেন যে আসলে ভূত বা প্রেত বলতে কিছুই নেই ৷ নিম্নে মূল রচনাটির উল্লেখ করা হলো আগ্রহীদের জন্যে ৷
Scientists create 'GHOSTS' in the lab - so does it prove
it is all in the mind?
·
Swiss researchers carried out an experiment to make
artificial 'ghosts'
·
They were investigating why some people feel a 'creepy
presence'
·
And in the research they found it was just a trick of the
brain
·
The sensation was re-created by researchers using a robot
to interfere with the sensory signals in the brains of blindfolded volunteers
·
The illusion came from a programmed delay between the brain’s
processing of the body’s movements
·
‘This confirms that it is caused by an altered perception
of their own bodies in the brain,' said Professor Olaf Blanke
PUBLISHED: 18:46 GMT , 6
November 2014 | UPDATED: 11:45 GMT , 7
November 2014
Scientists have finally answered the question:
is there anybody there?
A spooky experiment which conjured up a
ghostly illusion in the laboratory has proved once and for all that it’s only
our mind playing tricks.
The invisible, creepy presence reported by so
many people over the centuries is just a set of mixed-up signals in the brain.
Scroll down for video
+3
Artificial 'ghosts' have been conjured up by
scientists in an experiment so spooky that two participants asked for it to
stop. By having signals mixed up in their brains (shown), volunteers were made
to feel that a creepy 'presence' was behind them. They counted up to four
phantoms positioned where no-one was standing
The sensation was re-created by researchers
using a robot to interfere with the sensory signals in the brains of
blindfolded volunteers.
Two volunteers were so unnerved by the feeling
of being surrounded by ghosts, they asked for the experiment to stop.
They counted up to four phantoms positioned
where no-one was standing - and touching their backs with invisible fingers.
The illusion came from a programmed delay
between the brain’s processing of the body’s movements and the body’s position
in space.
WHAT DO YOU BELIEVE
IN?
Whether we are alone in the universe is one of
life’s unanswered questions.
But a new poll suggests that the majority of
us are convinced aliens exist, and that we're more likely to believe in little
green men than God.
According to the research, children in
particular are so confident in the existence of extraterrestrial beings that
they think family members are aliens in disguise.
The poll of 2,000 adults and children was
carried out by Ripley’s Believe It or Not! attraction in London
Each of the participants were asked to rate
how strongly they believed in five supernatural or religious beings including
aliens, ghosts, UFOs, angels and God.
Ghosts topped the adult’s list on 55 per cent,
followed by aliens on 51 per cent and UFOs on 42 per cent.
God was at the bottom of their list of beliefs
on 25 per cent, behind angels on 27 per cent.
Children believed in aliens and ghosts equally
(64 per cent), UFOs scored 50 per cent followed by God on 33 per cent. Angels
were bottom of this group's list on 27 per cent.
The interference in the brain was sufficient
to make the volunteers believe the signals were no longer from their own bodies
- but from someone else.
The findings appear to explain the common
experience people have of feeling an unseen presence, even a guardian angel,
demon or apparition stalking their movements.
These are frequently reported by people in
extreme physical or emotional situations, such as mountaineers and explorers,
or those grieving for a lost loved one.
They are also associated with medical
conditions that affect the brain, including epilepsy, migraine, schizophrenia
and cancer.
Professor Olaf Blanke, who led a team at the
Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL) in Switzerland
He said: ‘Our experiment induced the sensation
of a foreign presence in the laboratory for the first time. It shows that it
can arise under normal conditions, simply through conflicting sensory-motor
signals.
‘The robotic system mimics the sensations of
some patients with mental disorders or of healthy individuals under extreme
circumstances.
‘This confirms that it is caused by an altered
perception of their own bodies in the brain.’
+3
Here an unamed participant takes part in the
experiment. The robot made humans feel the illusory presence of a non-existent
'ghost'. The study was conducted on 12 individuals with various neurological
conditions such as epilepsy, stroke, migraine and tumours
The scientists re-created the ‘feelings of
presence’ - known as FOP - using a slave robot device that allowed volunteers
to control the movements of a jointed mechanical arm with their index fingers.
The movements were translated to another robot
arm behind them which touched their backs.
When both the finger-pushing and back-touching
occurred at the same time, it created the illusion that the volunteers were
caressing their own backs.
That felt weird enough to the blindfolded
participants. But something a lot stranger happened when the back-touching was
delayed and about 500 milliseconds out of sync with the finger movements.
One in three of the volunteers felt as if they
were being watched, and touched, by one or more ghostly presences.
At the same time, they had the disconcerting
sensation of drifting backwards, towards the unseen hand.
When questioned, several reported a strong
feeling of invisible people being close to them. On average, they counted two,
with up to four being reported.
Two of the 12 healthy participants were so
disturbed by the experience that they asked the scientists to halt the
experiment, the results of which appear in the journal Current Biology.
+3
The scientists say the experiment that what
some people believe to be a ghostly presence is just a trick of the brain.
‘This confirms that it is caused by an altered perception of their own bodies
in the brain,' said Professor Olaf Blanke of the Ecole Polytechnique
Federale de Lausanne (EPFL) in Switzerland
Co-author Dr Giulio Rognini, also from the
EPFL, said: ‘Our brain possesses several representations of our body in space.
Under normal conditions, it is able to assemble a unified self-perception of
the self from these representations.
‘But when the system malfunctions because of
disease - or, in this case, a robot - this can sometimes create a second
representation of one’s own body, which is no longer perceived as ‘me’ but as
someone else, a “presence”.’
The researchers describe in the journal the
case of mountaineer, Reinhold Messner, who had an FOP experience while
descending from the summit of the Himalayan peak Nanga Parbat in June, 1970.
Accompanied by his brother, he was freezing,
exhausted and oxygen-starved. He recalled becoming aware of a third climber
'descending with us, keeping a regular distance, a little to my right and a few
steps away from me, just outside my field of vision'.
Before conducting the experiment, the
researchers carried out brain scans of 12 patients with neurological disorders
who had encountered FOPs in the past.
They identified disturbances in three specific
brain regions, the insular cortex, parietal-frontal cortex, and
temporo-parietal cortex. All were involved in self-awareness, movement, and
sense of position in space.
This
Robot Makes People Experience a Ghostly Presence
This robot causes people to experience the illusory sensation of
someone standing behind them. 
© Alain Herzog/EPFL
© Alain Herzog/EPFL
People who’ve stared death in the face and lived to tell about
it—mountain climbers who’ve made a harrowing descent, say, or survivors of the
World Trade Center attacks—sometimes report that just when their situation
seemed impossible, a ghostly presence appeared. People with schizophrenia and
certain types of neurological damage sometimes report similar experiences, which
scientists call, aptly, “feeling of presence.”
Now a team of neuroscientists says it has identified a set of
brain regions that seems to be involved in generating this illusion. Better
yet, they’ve built a robot that can cause ordinary people to experience it in
the lab.
The team was led by Olaf Blanke, a neurologist and neuroscientist
at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne
In 2006, for example, Blanke and colleagues published a
paper in Nature that
had one of the best titles you’ll ever see in a scientific journal: “Induction
of an illusory shadow person.” In that study, they stimulated the brain of a
young woman who was awaiting brain surgery for severe epilepsy. Surgeons had
implanted electrodes on the surface of her brain to monitor her seizures, and
when the researchers passed a mild current through the electrodes, stimulating
a small region at the intersection of the temporal and parietal lobes of her
brain, she experienced what she described as a shadowy presence lurking nearby,
mimicking her own posture.
Colored areas indicate regions of overlap in the lesions of
neurological patients who experienced feeling of presence illusions. 
Blanke et al., Current
Biology
Blanke et al., Current
Biology
The new study also implicates this region, the so-called
temporoparietal junction, as well as two others. Blanke and colleagues examined
12 people who experienced a feeling of presence after brain damage resulting
from epilepsy, stroke, or other causes. Like the epilepsy patient in the
earlier study, these patients tended to describe the presence as somewhat
menacing, Blanke says. “It’s an uncanny feeling … that they’re not exactly in
danger, but this other presence doesn’t want anything good.”
Using MRI scans, the researchers identified three brain regions
that were most often damaged in these patients: the temporoparietal junction,
the insula, and the frontoparietal cortex. All three are thought to play a role
in integrating sensory signals from outside the body (like what you see and
hear around you) with signals from inside the body (like signals from the
joints and muscles that indicate your posture and the position of your limbs).
To see if they could create the feeling-of-presence illusion in
healthy people, the used what they call a “master-slave robotic system” built
by roboticist Giulio Rognini, who’s also based at the Swiss Federal Institute
of Technology in Lausanne
With the robot in this configuration, subjects reported the
strange feeling that they were poking themselves in the back. But things got
even weirder when the researchers introduced a delay, so that the poke in the
back lagged by half a second. This caused some subjects to feel they were being
poked by an invisible presence lurking behind them. The illusion was generally
weaker in the healthy people than it was in the neurological patients, Blanke
says, and some people were far more susceptible to it than others. The
researchers report their findings today in Current Biology.
Here’s Blanke’s hypothesis about what’s going on: Normally, the
parts of the brain that initiate movements send a signal to sensory regions of
the brain to give them a heads up; But when the robot is in delay mode there’s
a disconnect between the movement signal (initiate poke!) and the sensation
(um, not feeling any poking). It’s a mismatch that almost never happens in real
life. The researchers suggest that the subjects’ brains reconcile this mismatch
by creating the illusion of another presence that’s doing the poking. After
all, something is poking them in the
back.
This kind of sensory-motor mismatch has been proposed previously
to explain some of the symptoms of schizophrenia, most notably by the cognitive
neuroscientist Chris Frith at University College London. For example, it’s very
hard for healthy people to tickle themselves—you don’t experience that funny
feeling if you know what’s coming. But Frith and colleagues have found that people with
schizophrenia can tickle themselves, suggesting that they
perceive motions that they themselves have initiated as coming from another
source. In a similar way, people with the disorder might misattribute their own
internal speech to an external agent. It’s no wonder paranoia is so common.
“There’s convergent evidence that this type of action monitoring
is essential for the sense of self, the sense that we are in charge of our own
bodies,” said neuroscientist Peter Brugger of University Hospital Zurich.
Blanke’s new study is important, Brugger says, because it makes it possible to
study an experience that’s very real to many psychiatric and neurological
patients, but very foreign to everybody else. “It’s a very elegant way to
explore something that other people think is just bizarre and a part of their
world we can never access.”
As to why feeling of presence seems to be especially common in
life-threatening situations, Blanke says he can only speculate. In some
situations, the lack of oxygen might make the illusion more common, he says.
But he also notes that people who are recently widowed often report feeling the
presence of their lost spouse. Clearly there are other psychological factors
that can come into play, he says.
( source- internet & on line journal )
মন্তব্যসমূহ
একটি মন্তব্য পোস্ট করুন